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Chromatography
Separates components of a mixture based on (1) their solubility in a mobile phase (e.g. solvent) and (2) their adsorption (attraction/attachment) to a stationary phase (e.g. paper).
Distillation
Separates liquids (or a liquid from dissolved solids) using differences in boiling point.
Filtration
A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid in a mixture (e.g. a suspension).