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Cell cycle
The sequence of events that a cell goes through from one division to the next. Cells alternate between growing (interphase) and dividing.
Cell division
The process by which one cell splits into two daughter cells. This is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.
Cytoplasm
The aqueous, gel-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane that contains all organelles, dissolved nutrients, enzymes, and where many metabolic reactions occur.
Haploid cells
Cells that contain one set of chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that carry the same types of genes.
Independent assortment
Random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase, creating varied chromosome combinations.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells, each containing half the chromosome number of the parent cell.
Mitosis
A type of cell division used for growth and repair that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
mRNA
A temporary copy of a gene used to carry instructions to the ribosome.
Reduction division
The point where chromosome number is halved.
Surface area to volume ratio
The relationship between a cell's surface area (outer membrane) and its volume (internal space). As cells get larger, this ratio decreases, creating problems for the cell.