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Food chain
A simple, linear sequence showing how energy and nutrients pass from producers to consumers across trophic levels (e.g., producer → herbivore → carnivore → apex predator).
Food web
An interconnected network of multiple food chains that maps all feeding relationships in an ecosystem, showing species with multiple food sources and roles across trophic levels.
Keystone species
A species with an unusually large influence on its ecosystem.
Trophic cascade
A series of population changes across multiple trophic levels caused by a change in one species.
Trophic level
The position an organism occupies in a feeding sequence.