A.1.1.1 The nervous system and physiological response coordination

A.1.1.2 The endocrine system and regulation of biological processes

A.1.2.1 Mechanisms and processes maintaining homeostasis

A.1.2.2 Acute and Long-Term Responses to the Heat (HL)

A.1.2.3 Acute and Long-Term Responses to the Humidity (HL)

A.1.2.4 Acute and Long-Term Responses to the Altitude (HL)

A.1.3.1 The cardiovascular system and bodily functions

A.1.3.2 The respiratory system and gas exchange for cellular respiration

A.2.1.1 Water and electrolyte balance: mechanisms and regulation

A.2.1.2 Imbalances in water and electrolyte balance and their effects on exercise performance

A.2.2.1 Macronutrients as energy sources and the factors influencing their use

A.2.2.2 Nutritional strategies for exercise and the effects of low energy availability

A.2.2.3 Micronutrients and their roles in the body (HL)

A.2.2.4 Dietary planning, nutrient needs, and supplementation (HL)

A.2.2.5 Influence of the gut microbiome on health and performance (HL)

A.2.3.1 ATP production and substrate metabolism

A.2.3.2 Phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative energy systems during exercise

A.2.3.3 Factors affecting maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max)

A.2.3.4 Lactate inflection point and its significance in metabolism (HL)

A.2.3.5 Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and recovery (HL)

A.3.1.1 Training principles and periodization in programme design

A.3.1.2 Adapting training methods to fitness level, age, sex, and menstrual cycle

A.3.1.3 Risks of poor programme design, recovery, and injury prevention strategies

A.3.2.1 Physical activity, well-being, and determinants of healthy activity levels

A.3.2.2 Effects of physical activity on the muscular and immune systems

A.3.2.3 Health risks of an inactive lifestyle and the protective role of physical activity

A.3.2.4 Principles and purposes of exercise prescription (HL)

A.3.2.5 Exercise prescription for different target groups and conditions (HL)

A.3.3.1 Neuromuscular and metabolic mechanisms of fatigue (HL)

A.3.3.2 Hydration, electrolytes, and energy availability in fatigue (HL)

A.3.3.3 Recovery processes, timescales, and indicators of effective recovery (HL)

A.3.3.4 Hydration and nutritional strategies for exercise recovery (HL)

A.3.3.5 Recovery techniques and factors influencing recovery quality (HL)

B.1.1.1 Axial and appendicular skeleton components and their functions

B.1.1.2 Planes of movement and axes of rotation in human motion

B.1.1.3 Anthropometry and its applications in sport and health science (HL)

B.1.2.1 Connective tissues and their roles in support, movement, and stability

B.1.2.2 Articulations and the structural basis of joint movement

B.1.2.3 Training adaptations of connective tissues

B.1.3.1 Muscle tissue, neuromuscular activation, and motor unit recruitment

B.1.3.2 Types of muscular contractions and coordinated muscle action

B.1.3.3 Energy supply and nutritional factors in muscular contraction

B.1.3.4 Sliding filament theory and molecular basis of muscle contraction (HL)

B.1.4.1 Classes of levers and their applications in human movement and sport

B.2.1.1 Linear motion and linear kinematics in sport

B.2.1.2 Angular motion, angular momentum, and rotational control

B.2.1.3 Momentum changes and collisions in sports scenarios (HL)

B.2.1.4 Role of friction in motion and its impact on performance (HL)

B.2.1.5 Work, energy, and power in force application (HL)

B.2.2.1 Projectile motion and the effects of forces on flight path

B.2.2.2 Environmental conditions affecting external forces on objects (HL)

B.2.2.3 Buoyancy, drag, and lift effects on objects moving through fluids (HL)

B.2.3.1 Phases-of-movement approach for health, safety, and performance

B.3.1.1 Internal and external risk factors that predispose individuals to injury

B.3.1.2 Differences between acute trauma and cumulative trauma injuries

B.3.1.3 Relationship between chronic or overuse injuries and poor technique (HL)

B.3.2.1 Strategies to minimize risk and maximize the body's ability to absorb forces

B.3.2.2 Initial treatment methods and therapeutic modalities for injury recovery

B.3.2.3 Staged recovery process for concussion injuries

C.1.1.1 Personality traits and their influence on thinking, behavior, and performance

C.1.1.2 Social learning theory and its role in shaping behavior through observation (HL)

C.1.1.3 Long-term changes in personality through experience and reflection (HL)

C.1.2.1 Definition and role of mental toughness in handling pressure and challenges

C.1.2.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy and its effects on confidence and sporting success (HL)

C.1.2.3 Positive outcomes of mental toughness on health and well-being (HL)

C.1.2.4 Attribution theory and the impact of locus of control on confidence (HL)

C.2.1.1 Learning as a process leading to a relatively permanent behavioral change

C.2.1.2 The psychological refractory period and its impact on reaction time

C.2.1.3 Transfer of learning and its influence on skill acquisition

C.2.2.1 Effective skill execution requires appropriate attentional focus

C.3.1.1 Interaction of personality and situational factors in determining motivation

C.3.1.2 Goal orientation theory: task- vs. ego-oriented success perceptions

C.3.1.3 High ego orientation and its potential challenges to motivation (HL)

C.3.2.1 Self-determination theory and the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness

C.3.2.2 Motivation continuum: from amotivation to controlled and autonomous motivation

C.3.2.3 Six mini-theories of self-determination: a meta-theoretical approach (HL)

C.3.3.1 Motivational climate impacts performance through mastery and ego approaches

C.4.1.1 Arousal as a physical and psychological activation affecting performance

C.4.1.2 Anxiety's dual effect

C.4.2.1 Coping strategies: problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance-focused approaches

C.4.2.2 Differentiating controllable and uncontrollable stressors in coping strategies (HL)

C.4.2.3 Effective coping strategies vary depending on the individual and situation (HL)

C.5.1.1 Goal setting as a tool for enhancing motivation through outcome and performance goals

C.5.1.2 The goal-setting paradox: elite athletes' dissatisfaction with achieving high goals (HL)

C.5.2.1 Imagery mimics real experience using sensory modalities to improve performance (HL)