a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient ✓ b. facilitated diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient through a protein channel «without use of energy» ✓ c. osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane from lower solute concentration to higher ✓ d. active transport is movement of molecules/ions against the concentration gradient «through membrane pumps» with the use of ATP/energy ✓ e. endocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to bring molecules into cell with use of energy OR exocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to release molecules from cell with use of energy ✓ f. chemiosmosis occurs when protons diffuse through ATP synthase «in membrane» to produce ATP ✓

a. two amino acids, one with $NH_2$/$NH_3^+$ end and one with $COOH$/$COO^-$ end ✓ b. peptide bond between $C=O$ and $N-H$ correctly drawn ✓ c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✓ d. peptide bond labelled/clearly indicated between C terminal of one amino acid and N terminal of the second amino acid ✓

a. ADH plays a role in osmoregulation/regulating blood solute concentration ✓ b. acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney ✓ c. acts in «late» distal convoluted tubule ✓ d. hypothalamus detects plasma/blood osmolarity/solute concentration ✓ e. if plasma/blood is too concentrated/hypertonic, «posterior» pituitary releases ADH ✓ f. ADH stimulates insertion of aquaporins/water channels / increases permeability of collecting duct ✓ g. water moves «through aquaporins» by osmosis into the medulla/blood ✓ h. urine becomes more concentrated/smaller volume ✓ i. negative feedback occurs ✓ j. if blood is hypotonic no ADH is released ✓ k. water is not reabsorbed from the collecting ducts/permeability of the collecting duct decreases ✓ l. urine becomes more dilute/less concentrated / higher volume ✓