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1. Concepts
1.1 Bias
1.2 Causality
1.3 Change
1.4 Measurement
1.5 Perspective
1.6 Responsibility
2. Content
2.1 Biological Approach
2.2 Cognitive Approach
2.3 Sociocultural Approach
2.4 Research Methodology
3. Contexts
3.1 Health and Well-being
3.2 Human Development
3.3 Human Relationships
3.4 Learning and Cognition
4. Extensions (HL only)
4.1 Culture
4.2 Motivation
4.3 Technology
4.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Bidirectional Ambiguity
A situation where two correlated variables could each be the cause of the other, and the design cannot tell which.