IB Psychology 1. Concepts Key Definitions

A form of gender bias that exaggerates differences between men and women.

The obligation practitioners carry when psychological research is translated into real-world interventions.

A form of gender bias that hides or downplays real differences between men and women.

Bias is a systematic error that can distort the results of a study, leading to invalid conclusions.

A systematic distortion that pushes research findings in one direction.

A systematic error that skews results in a particular direction.

A situation where two correlated variables could each be the cause of the other, and the design cannot tell which.

A relationship in which a change in one variable produces a change in another.

A relationship in which a change in the independent variable directly produces a change in the dependent variable.

An unmeasured variable that influences both the proposed cause and the proposed effect, producing a spurious correlation.

A statistical association between two variables, captured by the correlation coefficient r, which runs from -1 to +1.

A research design that measures different age groups or cohorts at the same point in time.

A systematic tendency to apply one cultural group's norms and assumptions as if they were universal.

A session after a study in which the researcher tells participants its true purpose and addresses any deception or distress.

Reasoning from a general theory to a specific prediction.

Cues in a study that signal to participants what the researcher expects, leading them to alter their behaviour.

A research design where neither the participant nor the experimenter who interacts with them knows which condition the participant is in.

A research approach that studies a culture from the inside, using categories defined within that culture.

The obligation researchers carry to design studies that respect participants and minimise harm.

A research approach that compares cultures using standardised categories defined from outside.

A systematic distortion in psychological research caused by how gender is sampled, measured, or interpreted.

A pattern where the effect of a gene on behaviour depends on the environment a person experiences, and vice versa.

An approach that studies psychological phenomena from inside a specific cultural community, using concepts built within that culture.

Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.