IB Psychology 4. Extensions Key Definitions

A relationship in which a change in one variable produces a change in another.

Measurable scales, originally developed by Geert Hofstede, along which whole societies vary in values, beliefs, and behaviour, allowing systematic comparison across cultures.

The process of growth and change that occurs throughout a person's life, influenced by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.

The mistake of assuming that every individual in a culture follows that culture's norms, when people within any culture vary widely.

The error of applying your own cultural norms and frameworks when studying another culture, treating your own standard as the universal one.

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease (World Health Organization). Because well-being is partly social, what counts as 'healthy' varies across cultures.

The consistency of a measure across occasions, coders, or items.

Bias introduced when a researcher's expectations or behaviour push a study's results toward a preferred outcome.

When the sample studied does not represent the population the researcher claims to describe.

The extent to which a measure accurately reflects the construct it is intended to measure.