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Informal Settlement (Slum/Shanty Town/Squatter Settlement)
A residential area where housing is built without formal planning permission and often lacks secure land tenure and access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, and reliable electricity.
Infrastructure
The physical systems (like transport and communication) needed for an economy to function.
Productivity
The efficiency with which inputs (such as labour, capital, land, and technology) are converted into outputs (goods and services). It is often measured as output per worker or output per hour.
Urban System
A city viewed as a set of interconnected parts (people, infrastructure, economy, services, environment) that interact through flows of resources, energy, goods, and information.