MYP Individuals & Societies Origins of Empires Key Definitions

An economic system where key production and allocation decisions are mainly made by the government through planning and direction.

The abuse of public power for private gain, such as bribery, embezzlement, or favouritism.

Shared ideas, beliefs, values, customs, and ways of life.

The idea that government leaders must explain and justify decisions to citizens and can be replaced through political processes such as elections.

A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.

A person willing and able to take risks to start and run a business, aiming to earn revenue and (after costs) profit.

A belief system or value framework (for example religion, political ideas, or economic assumptions) that influences decisions, institutions, and behaviour in a society.

A structured set of ideas, values, and beliefs that explains how society should work and guides political, economic, and social decisions.

A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.

The physical systems (like transport and communication) needed for an economy to function.

An economic system where production and allocation decisions are mainly determined by markets and the price mechanism.

A person who moves from one place to another to find work or better living conditions.

The underlying factors that enable a state or empire to wage war effectively and sustainably, including organization, logistics, technology, and strategic relationships such as alliances.

A new technology, weapon system, or method of warfare that changes how conflicts are fought and what resources are needed to wage war.

The planning and organization of moving, supplying, and maintaining military forces, including transport, storage, communication, and maintenance.

A branch of philosophy that examines values and principles about what people ought to do, including ideas of right and wrong and what a good society should be.

Political factors (such as stability, governance quality, accountability, and state capacity) that influence a country’s ability to make and implement decisions that affect development outcomes.

A firm that aims to produce and sell in a way that increases profit, often assumed in economic models to predict supply decisions.

Goods that are non-excludable (people cannot be prevented from using them) and non-rivalrous (one person’s use does not reduce another’s), so the free market has little incentive to provide them.

A system where laws are publicly known, applied consistently, and enforced fairly, including limits on government power and protection of rights such as property ownership.

A permanent, full-time military force maintained by the state in peacetime as well as wartime.