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Cycle of Deprivation
A self-reinforcing pattern where social and economic problems (such as unemployment, poor housing, and ill health) interact and make long-term disadvantage more likely.
Retrofitting
Improving existing buildings, infrastructure, and systems (such as transport and energy) to increase efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and improve quality of life.
Urban Structure
The spatial pattern of land use, activities, and social groups within a city, including how different zones (such as the CBD, residential areas, and industry) are arranged and connected.
Urban System
A city viewed as a set of interconnected parts (people, infrastructure, economy, services, environment) that interact through flows of resources, energy, goods, and information.