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Ageing Population
A population in which the average age is rising and a large proportion of people are in older age groups, usually because of low birth rates and higher life expectancy.
Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1000 people per year.
Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
Echo Chamber
An information environment where a person mostly encounters opinions and information that reinforce what they already believe, making it harder to evaluate alternatives.
Forced Migrant
A person who is compelled to move, often with limited choice and time to plan.
Example
Common factors include conflict, persecution, or natural hazards,
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Informal Settlement (Slum/Shanty Town/Squatter Settlement)
A residential area where housing is built without formal planning permission and often lacks secure land tenure and access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, and reliable electricity.
Infrastructure
The physical systems (like transport and communication) needed for an economy to function.
Life Expectancy
Average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.
Population growth
How the size of a population changes over time.
Productivity
The efficiency with which inputs (such as labour, capital, land, and technology) are converted into outputs (goods and services). It is often measured as output per worker or output per hour.
Slum (Informal Settlement)
A densely populated urban area where housing is often built informally and residents typically have limited access to services such as clean water, sanitation, secure electricity, and legal land tenure.
Social Impacts
The effects that an event, decision, policy, or process has on people’s lives and on how society functions, including impacts on wellbeing, equality, culture, community, and social relationships.
Sustainability (Sustainable Development)
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Urban System
A city viewed as a set of interconnected parts (people, infrastructure, economy, services, environment) that interact through flows of resources, energy, goods, and information.
Voluntary Migrant
A person who chooses to move, usually to improve their quality of life
Example
Someone who moves for employment, education, health care, or greater personal freedom