IB Sports, exercise and health science A.3.2.1 Physical Activity, Well-being, and Determinants of Healthy Activity Levels Key Definitions

Body fat that stores energy and fat-soluble vitamins.

The amount of energy required by the body to maintain basic physiological functions at rest.

Energy balance refers to the relationship between the energy taken in (food and drink) and the energy expended (through basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and digestion).

Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone released mainly by the stomach. Ghrelin rises before meals and falls after eating.

Leptin is an appetite-suppressing hormone secreted by adipose (fat) tissue. Leptin signals the hypothalamus that energy stores are sufficient, reducing hunger.

The regular hormonal cycle in females, which can affect exercise performance, endurance, and recovery rates during different phases.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are long-term diseases that are not spread person-to-person, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and many cancers.

Obesity is characterized by excessive body fat accumulation that poses a risk to health.

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones due to calcium deficiency.

Physical well-being is a state of optimal health where the body can function efficiently, perform daily activities without excessive fatigue, and resist diseases effectively.

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, often preventable or reduced through regular physical activity.