IB Sports, exercise and health science B.1.1 Anatomical Position, Planes and Movement Key Definitions

An imaginary flat surface used to divide the body for anatomical study and movement analysis. The main anatomical planes are: Sagittal Plane, Frontal (Coronal) Plane and Transverse Plane

The standard reference position where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at sides and palms facing forward.

The scientific study of human body measurements, proportions, and physical characteristics

The bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton, which include the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs.

The central core of bones that forms the body's longitudinal axis

An axis of rotation is an imaginary line around which movement occurs.

Circumduction is a circular movement of a limb that occurs when the distal end moves in a circular path while the proximal end remains relatively fixed.

Movement of the foot that pulls the toes upward toward the shin, decreasing the angle between the foot and lower leg.

The application of anthropometric data to create equipment and environments that optimize human performance and reduce fatigue

Ergonomics involves designing equipment, environments, and tasks to fit human capabilities, enhancing efficiency, safety, and comfort.

A movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint.

A movement that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint.

A lever is a rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers are used to move a load (resistance) by applying an effort (force). The relative positions of the fulcrum, load, and effort determine the type of lever and its mechanical advantage or disadvantage.

Opposition is the movement of the thumb toward the fingertips, allowing the hand to grasp, pinch, or manipulate objects.

A plane of movement is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into sections and along which movements occur.

Movement of the foot that points the toes downward away from the shin, increasing the angle between the foot and lower leg.

Protraction is the movement of a body part forward along a horizontal plane.

Reposition is the movement of the thumb back to its normal position after opposition.

Retraction is the movement of a body part backward along a horizontal plane.