d2:I[351304,["$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$16","$17","$18","$25","$26","$27","$28","$29","$2a","$2b","$2c","$2d","$2e","$2f","$30","$31","$32","$33","$34","$35","$36","$37","$38","$39","$3a","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$4b"],"default"] d3:T21f8,| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | Why did Nicholas II's personal ideology prevent early political concessions upon his accession in 1894? |

He was deeply committed to autocracy, believing God had given him absolute authority.
He dismissed demands for constitutional reform as 'senseless dreams' in 1895.

| | How did the Okhrana maintain the autocratic system prior to 1905? |

By running informers and infiltrating opposition groups with agents provocateurs.
By monitoring dissent and conducting targeted arrests of political activists.

| | Why did the 1861 Emancipation of the Serfs fail to pacify the Russian peasantry, leading to unrest by 1905? |

It burdened peasants with 49 years of crippling redemption payments.
It left peasants with insufficient land plots (land hunger) while the nobility retained vast estates.

| | How did the mir (commune) system hinder agricultural modernization before 1905? |

It prevented individual land ownership.
It perpetuated inefficient strip farming and limited agricultural innovation.

| |

How did rapid industrialisation under Finance Minister Sergei Witte create a volatile urban proletariat by 1900?

Workers were concentrated in crowded, unsanitary tenements in major cities like St Petersburg.
They faced long hours (12-14 per day), low wages, and a complete lack of safety regulations.

| | Why did the 1891-92 famine act as a long-term political catalyst against the tsarist regime? |

It killed 500,000 people and exposed the government's failure to protect the rural population.
It fostered deep resentment and politicization among the peasantry and the educated intelligentsia.

| | How did the revolutionary strategies of the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) differ from the Social Democrats (RSDLP)? |

SRs: focused on peasant revolution and used political assassination (e.g., killing Plehve).
RSDLP: focused on the urban working class and split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

| | How did Russification policies inadvertently strengthen the anti-tsarist opposition? |

By forcing Russian language and culture on national minorities (Poles, Finns, Ukrainians).
This drove ethnic groups to join nationalist and revolutionary movements, broadening the opposition.

| |

How did catastrophic military defeats like the Battle of Tsushima (May 1905) destabilize the tsarist regime domestically?

They shattered public confidence in tsarist military leadership and Nicholas II's personal prestige.
They worsened domestic conditions by disrupting food supply via the overloaded Trans-Siberian Railway.

| | Why did the lease of Port Arthur in 1898 lead to the Russo-Japanese War, and how did its fall in 1905 impact Russia? |

Cause: It gave Russia a warm-water Pacific port, directly threatening Japanese expansion in Manchuria and Korea.
Impact: Its humiliating fall after a 5-month siege killed/wounded over 30,000 troops, triggering domestic outrage.

| | Why does historian Orlando Figes argue that Bloody Sunday (January 1905) was a decisive psychological turning point? |

It permanently destroyed the myth of the tsar as the 'Little Father' of his people.
It proved that peaceful petitioning was impossible, radicalizing moderate workers overnight.
It triggered immediate mass strikes across major cities.

| | Why was the June 1905 mutiny on the battleship Potemkin particularly alarming for the tsarist regime? |

It proved that the regime could not fully trust the military to suppress domestic unrest.
It raised the threat of a coordinated armed rebellion against the state.

| | What was the significance of the St Petersburg Soviet during the October 1905 General Strike? |

It emerged as a spontaneous elected workers' council to coordinate strikes.
It acted as a rival centre of political authority (dual power) to the tsarist government.

| |

How did the October Manifesto temporarily save the tsarist regime from total collapse?

It split the opposition by satisfying middle-class liberals with promises of a Duma.
It bought time for Nicholas II to deploy loyal troops returning from the Far East to crush radical workers.

| | How did the Fundamental Laws of April 1906 undermine the concessions of the October Manifesto? |

They reasserted the tsar's absolute veto over all Duma legislation.
They retained the tsar's sole control over the military and foreign policy, ensuring no real power-sharing.

| | Explain the dual strategy of 'pacification' and 'reform' used by Pyotr Stolypin to stabilize Russia after 1906. |

Pacification: Crushed remaining revolutionaries using field courts-martial, executing over 3,000 ('Stolypin's necktie').
Reform: Allowed peasants to leave communes and consolidate private plots (the 'wager on the strong').
Goal: Create a class of prosperous, conservative peasant landowners loyal to the tsar.

| | The emancipation of the serfs in 1861::year required peasants to pay redemption payments::type of debt for 49 years, which were not abolished until 1907::year. | The emancipation of the serfs in 1861::year required peasants to pay redemption payments::type of debt for 49 years, which were not abolished until 1907::year. | | In 1895::year, Nicholas II dismissed demands for a constitution as 'senseless dreams'::famous phrase, setting a rigid tone for his autocracy. | In 1895::year, Nicholas II dismissed demands for a constitution as 'senseless dreams'::famous phrase, setting a rigid tone for his autocracy. | | To end the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II signed the Treaty of Portsmouth::treaty in September 1905::month/year, allowing him to redirect troops to suppress domestic revolution. | To end the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II signed the Treaty of Portsmouth::treaty in September 1905::month/year, allowing him to redirect troops to suppress domestic revolution. | | Following the dissolution of the first two Dumas, Stolypin issued the Electoral Law of June 3, 1907::law, which drastically reduced the voting power of peasants and national minorities::social groups. | Following the dissolution of the first two Dumas, Stolypin issued the Electoral Law of June 3, 1907::law, which drastically reduced the voting power of peasants and national minorities::social groups. | | Historian Richard Pipes::historian argued that the 1905 Revolution was a 'dress rehearsal'::concept for 1917, demonstrating that tsarism was incapable of self-reform. | Historian Richard Pipes::historian argued that the 1905 Revolution was a 'dress rehearsal'::concept for 1917, demonstrating that tsarism was incapable of self-reform. |d1:["$","$Ld2",null,{"flashcardsMd":"$d3"}] ce:["Flashcards for ","$Ld4"]

IB History Causes of the 1905 Revolution Flashcards

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War

Japanese expansion in East Asia - Causes of expansion2 subtopics

Japanese expansion in East Asia - Events and Responses7 subtopics

German and Italian Expansion (1933-1940) - Causes of expansion5 subtopics

German expansion - Events and Responses6 subtopics

Italian expansion - Events and Responses10 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest

Civil rights movement in the United States - Nature and characteristics of discrimination8 subtopics

Civil rights movement in the United States - Protests and action6 subtopics

Civil rights movement in the United States - The role and significance of key actors/groups6 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - Nature and characteristics of discrimination7 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - Protests and action4 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - The role and significance of key actors/groups3 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention

Rwanda - Causes of the conflict6 subtopics

Rwanda - Course and interventions7 subtopics

Rwanda - Impact6 subtopics

Kosovo - Causes of the conflict5 subtopics

Kosovo - Course and interventions6 subtopics

Kosovo - Impact8 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements

India3 subtopics

Ben Bella and Algeria3 subtopics

Nkrumah and Ghana3 subtopics

Kenyatta and Kenya3 subtopics

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam3 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States

Germany3 subtopics

India3 subtopics

USA3 subtopics

South Africa3 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States

Case study: Fidel Castro13 subtopics

Case study: Vladimir Lenin13 subtopics

Case study: Joseph Stalin13 subtopics

Case study: Mao Zedong12 subtopics

Case study: Benito Mussolini13 subtopics

Case study: Adolf Hitler13 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars

Interstate Wars6 subtopics

Civil Wars6 subtopics

Guerrilla Wars6 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries

Rivalry, Mistrust, and Accord3 subtopics

Impact of Leaders 9 subtopics

Impact on Nations6 subtopics

Cold War Crises6 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe

Section 1: Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)6 subtopics

Section 2: Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)6 subtopics

Section 3: Late Medieval Political Crises (1300–1487)7 subtopics

Section 4: The Renaissance (c1400–1600)6 subtopics

Section 5: The Age of Exploration and Its Impact (1400–1550)7 subtopics

Section 6: Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)5 subtopics

Section 7: Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)6 subtopics

Section 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)6 subtopics

Section 9: France (1815–1914)6 subtopics

Section 10: Society, Politics & Economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)6 subtopics

Section 11: Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)6 subtopics

Section 12: Imperial Russia, Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)6 subtopics

Section 13: Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)5 subtopics

Section 14: Inter-war Domestic Developments in European states (1918–1939)5 subtopics

Section 15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)6 subtopics

Section 16: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)5 subtopics

Section 17: Post-War Western and Northern Europe (1945–2000)5 subtopics

Section 18: Post-War Central and Eastern Europe (1945–2000)6 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas

Section 1: Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)5 subtopics

Section 2: European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)5 subtopics

Section 3: Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 4: Religion in the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 5: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 6: Independence Movements (1763–1830)6 subtopics

Section 7: Nation-building and Challenges (1780–1870)5 subtopics

Section 8: US Civil War (1840–1877)6 subtopics

Section 9: The Development of Modern Nations (1865–1929)6 subtopics

Section 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)6 subtopics

Section 11: The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)7 subtopics

Section 12: The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)7 subtopics