| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | How did the Qing dynasty balance ethnic tensions between the ruling Manchu minority and the Han majority in government? |

Dual administration: Balanced Manchu and Han officials in key government positions.
Confucian alignment: Adopted traditional Confucian bureaucracy to win Han scholar loyalty.

| | What traditional Chinese concept did the Manchu emperors adopt to legitimize their autocratic rule over the Han majority? | The Mandate of Heaven (ruling as the 'Son of Heaven' by maintaining cosmic harmony). | | The Qing selected its powerful civil service bureaucracy through competitive imperial examinations based on Confucian principles. | The Qing selected its powerful civil service bureaucracy through competitive imperial examinations based on Confucian principles. | | What was the structural difference between the Eight Banners and the Green Standard Army in the Qing military? |

Eight Banners: Elite hereditary military units made of Manchus (and close allies).
Green Standard Army: Local Han Chinese forces used primarily for domestic policing.

| | Which territories did the Qing dynasty conquer to establish China's modern borders? |

Xinjiang
Tibet
Mongolia
Taiwan

| | Under the Tributary System, neighboring states like Korea and Vietnam sent missions to Beijing to acknowledge Chinese superiority and secure trade rights. | Under the Tributary System, neighboring states like Korea and Vietnam sent missions to Beijing to acknowledge Chinese superiority and secure trade rights. | | What was the dual political purpose of the Qianlong Emperor's massive encyclopedia project, the Siku Quanshu? |

Legitimacy: Promoted Confucian orthodoxy and imperial patronage of arts.
Censorship: Used to identify and destroy 'seditious' anti-Manchu books (literary inquisition).

| | The Qianlong Emperor enforced strict cultural control through the literary inquisition, which ordered the destruction of books deemed seditious or anti-Manchu. | The Qianlong Emperor enforced strict cultural control through the literary inquisition, which ordered the destruction of books deemed seditious or anti-Manchu. | | How did the rise of the official Heshen during the late Qianlong era undermine the Qing state? |

Systemic corruption: Embezzled vast public funds, weakening the imperial treasury.
Administrative decay: Degraded the efficiency of the civil service and military.

| | In 1793, the Qianlong Emperor rejected the British Macartney Mission, demonstrating Qing complacency and resistance to Western trade. | In 1793, the Qianlong Emperor rejected the British Macartney Mission, demonstrating Qing complacency and resistance to Western trade. | | Why did the Qianlong Emperor reject the Macartney Mission in 1793? |

Sinocentrism: Viewed British goods as unnecessary luxury items.
Tributary mindset: Refused to treat Britain as an equal diplomatic sovereign.

| | What caused the Qing population boom, and what long-term economic challenge did it create? |

Cause: Introduction of high-yield American crops (sweet potatoes and maize).
Challenge: Population growth outpaced agricultural productivity, causing rural poverty.

| | Why did the Manchu rulers force Han Chinese men to wear the queue hairstyle? |

Submission: Served as a visible test of loyalty to Manchu rule.
Punishment: Refusal was treated as treason and punished by execution.

| | The Qing dynasty restricted all Western maritime trade to a single port under the Canton System, which kept foreign merchants under strict government supervision. | The Qing dynasty restricted all Western maritime trade to a single port under the Canton System, which kept foreign merchants under strict government supervision. | | What was the geopolitical objective of the Canton System? |

Control: Monopolize and tax foreign trade through designated merchants (Cohong).
Security: Prevent Western ideas and influence from spreading into the Chinese interior.

| | How did Qing rulers balance preserving their Manchu identity with ruling a Han majority? |

Preservation: Maintained Manchu dress, hair (queue), language, and the Eight Banners.
Sinicization: Adopted Confucian statecraft, the civil service exam, and traditional court rituals.

| |

How did the territorial expansion shown in this map of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) impact China's modern geopolitical boundaries?

| It incorporated regions like Xinjiang, Tibet, Mongolia, and Taiwan, effectively defining China's modern territorial borders. | |

How did the long reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) represent both the height and the beginning of the decline of the Qing Dynasty?

Height: Oversaw territorial expansion and the 'High Qing' economic/cultural prosperity.
Decline: Allowed massive corruption (e.g., Heshen), economic strain from population pressure, and rigid isolationism.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History The Qing Dynasty Flashcards