d2:I[351304,["$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$16","$17","$18","$25","$26","$27","$28","$29","$2a","$2b","$2c","$2d","$2e","$2f","$30","$31","$32","$33","$34","$35","$36","$37","$38","$39","$3a","$3b","$3c","$3d","$3e","$3f","$40","$41","$42","$43","$44","$45","$46","$47","$48","$49","$4a","$4b"],"default"] d5:I[720162,["$5","$6","$7","$8","$9","$a","$b","$c","$d","$e","$f","$10","$11","$12","$13","$14","$15","$16","$17","$18","$25","$26","$27","$28","$29","$2a","$2b","$2c","$2d","$2e","$2f","$30","$31","$32","$33","$34","$35","$36"],"default"] d3:T1593,| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | How did economic instability under Salvador Allende facilitate the 1973 military coup? |

Hyperinflation: Inflation exceeded 500%, causing severe food shortages and strikes.
Middle-class alienation: Business owners and the middle class feared socialist expropriation and backed military intervention to restore stability.

| | What was the mechanism of US intervention in Chile prior to the 1973 coup? | The CIA covertly funded opposition political parties, media propaganda, and disruptive labor strikes to destabilize Allende's socialist government. | | On September 11, 1973, General Augusto Pinochet led a military coup to overthrow the democratically elected socialist president Salvador Allende. | On September 11, 1973, General Augusto Pinochet led a military coup to overthrow the democratically elected socialist president Salvador Allende. | | Who were the "Chicago Boys" and what role did they play in Pinochet's regime? | They were US-trained Chilean economists who designed and implemented the regime's radical neoliberal free-market reforms. | | What were the three main pillars of the "Chicago Boys" economic restructuring in Chile? |

Privatization of state-owned industries.
Deregulation and opening the economy to foreign investment.
Drastic cuts in public spending and social services.

| | How did Pinochet's neoliberal reforms affect Chilean social inequality? | The privatization of education and healthcare widened class gaps, while early reforms triggered high unemployment and concentrated wealth among the elite. | | What was the primary function of the DINA (Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional) between 1973 and 1977? | To act as Pinochet's secret police, systematically neutralizing political opposition through surveillance, torture, and forced disappearances. | | The DINA was led by Colonel Manuel Contreras, who bypassed normal military chains of command to report directly to Augusto Pinochet. | The DINA was led by Colonel Manuel Contreras, who bypassed normal military chains of command to report directly to Augusto Pinochet. | | How did the DINA project its repressive power outside of Chile's borders? | Through Operation Condor, a collaborative intelligence network among South American dictatorships designed to track and assassinate political exiles. | | Why did Pinochet replace the DINA with the CNI (National Information Center) in 1977? | To defuse intense international pressure and condemnation from the UN and human rights organizations over DINA's highly visible atrocities. | | To institutionalize his regime, Pinochet introduced a new Constitution in 1980, which guaranteed him eight more years of presidential power. | To institutionalize his regime, Pinochet introduced a new Constitution in 1980, which guaranteed him eight more years of presidential power. | | What political mechanism led to the end of Pinochet's dictatorship in 1990? | Pinochet lost the 1988 plebiscite (a national yes/no vote on his continued rule), forcing him to permit democratic elections. | | Pinochet's loss in the 1988 plebiscite paved the way for Chile's return to democracy in 1990. | Pinochet's loss in the 1988 plebiscite paved the way for Chile's return to democracy in 1990. | | How did the Pinochet regime systematically eliminate dissent within universities and labor unions? | By placing them under direct military control, banning independent organizations, and purging left-wing staff and leaders. | |

How did Pinochet ideologically justify the violent overthrow of Allende's democratically elected government?

| He claimed the military coup was a necessary intervention to prevent a communist revolution, restore social order, and rescue the economy. | |

What role did secret detention centers like Villa Grimaldi play in DINA's strategy of political control?

| They functioned as sites for brutal interrogation and torture, instilling widespread fear to prevent any organized domestic resistance. | |

Why did the economic recovery of the 1980s fail to stabilize Pinochet's domestic political support among the working class?

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Paper 1 - The Move to Global War

Japanese expansion in East Asia - Causes of expansion2 subtopics

Japanese expansion in East Asia - Events and Responses7 subtopics

German and Italian Expansion (1933-1940) - Causes of expansion5 subtopics

German expansion - Events and Responses6 subtopics

Italian expansion - Events and Responses10 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest

Civil rights movement in the United States - Nature and characteristics of discrimination8 subtopics

Civil rights movement in the United States - Protests and action6 subtopics

Civil rights movement in the United States - The role and significance of key actors/groups6 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - Nature and characteristics of discrimination7 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - Protests and action4 subtopics

Apartheid South Africa - The role and significance of key actors/groups3 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention

Rwanda - Causes of the conflict6 subtopics

Rwanda - Course and interventions7 subtopics

Rwanda - Impact6 subtopics

Kosovo - Causes of the conflict5 subtopics

Kosovo - Course and interventions6 subtopics

Kosovo - Impact8 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements

India3 subtopics

Ben Bella and Algeria3 subtopics

Nkrumah and Ghana3 subtopics

Kenyatta and Kenya3 subtopics

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam3 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States

Germany3 subtopics

India3 subtopics

USA3 subtopics

South Africa3 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States

Case study: Fidel Castro13 subtopics

Case study: Vladimir Lenin13 subtopics

Case study: Joseph Stalin13 subtopics

Case study: Mao Zedong12 subtopics

Case study: Benito Mussolini13 subtopics

Case study: Adolf Hitler13 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars

Interstate Wars6 subtopics

Civil Wars6 subtopics

Guerrilla Wars6 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries

Rivalry, Mistrust, and Accord3 subtopics

Impact of Leaders 9 subtopics

Impact on Nations6 subtopics

Cold War Crises6 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe

Section 1: Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)6 subtopics

Section 2: Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)6 subtopics

Section 3: Late Medieval Political Crises (1300–1487)7 subtopics

Section 4: The Renaissance (c1400–1600)6 subtopics

Section 5: The Age of Exploration and Its Impact (1400–1550)7 subtopics

Section 6: Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)5 subtopics

Section 7: Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)6 subtopics

Section 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)6 subtopics

Section 9: France (1815–1914)6 subtopics

Section 10: Society, Politics & Economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)6 subtopics

Section 11: Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)6 subtopics

Section 12: Imperial Russia, Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)6 subtopics

Section 13: Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)5 subtopics

Section 14: Inter-war Domestic Developments in European states (1918–1939)5 subtopics

Section 15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)6 subtopics

Section 16: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)5 subtopics

Section 17: Post-War Western and Northern Europe (1945–2000)5 subtopics

Section 18: Post-War Central and Eastern Europe (1945–2000)6 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas

Section 1: Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)5 subtopics

Section 2: European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)5 subtopics

Section 3: Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 4: Religion in the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 5: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)6 subtopics

Section 6: Independence Movements (1763–1830)6 subtopics

Section 7: Nation-building and Challenges (1780–1870)5 subtopics

Section 8: US Civil War (1840–1877)6 subtopics

Section 9: The Development of Modern Nations (1865–1929)6 subtopics

Section 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)6 subtopics

Section 11: The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)7 subtopics

Section 12: The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)7 subtopics

Section 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)6 subtopics