| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | How did post-1948 apartheid differ from the racial segregation that existed in South Africa before? |

Pre-1948: Segregation was largely informal, ad-hoc, and inconsistent.
Post-1948: The National Party systematically encoded segregation into a rigid, comprehensive legal framework.

| | The National Party won the 1948 election and began implementing apartheid (Afrikaans for 'separateness') to formalize white minority rule. | The National Party won the 1948 election and began implementing apartheid (Afrikaans for 'separateness') to formalize white minority rule. | | What was the core mechanism of the Population Registration Act (1950)? |

Classification: Required every South African to be legally categorized into one of three (later four) racial groups.
Consequence: This classification determined all subsequent rights, including residency, marriage, education, and employment.

| | How did officials arbitrarily resolve ambiguous racial identities under the Population Registration Act? | Through the pencil test (sliding a pencil through a person's hair to determine their racial classification based on hair texture). | | What was the primary mechanism and consequence of the Group Areas Act (1950)? |

Mechanism: Divided South Africa into racially designated residential zones.
Consequence: Led to the forced removal of over 3.5 million non-white people from urban areas.

| | In 1955, the vibrant Johannesburg cultural hub of Sophiatown was demolished and replaced with a white suburb named Triomf. | In 1955, the vibrant Johannesburg cultural hub of Sophiatown was demolished and replaced with a white suburb named Triomf. | | In 1966, Cape Town's multiracial neighborhood of District Six was declared a white area, resulting in the forced relocation of over 60,000 residents. | In 1966, Cape Town's multiracial neighborhood of District Six was declared a white area, resulting in the forced relocation of over 60,000 residents. | | Why was the title of the Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act (1952) highly deceptive? |

Deception: It did not abolish passes; it tightened and extended them.
Mechanism: Replaced multiple documents with a single mandatory 'reference book' (dompas) for all Black Africans over 16.

| | What economic function did the pass laws serve for the apartheid state? |

Labor supply: Channeled cheap Black migrant labor directly to white-owned mines, farms, and factories.
Urban control: Prevented permanent Black settlement and urbanization in designated 'White areas'.

| | How did the Bantu Authorities Act (1951) attempt to neutralize Black national political aspirations? |

Tribal authorities: Created local tribal systems in designated reserves (Bantustans).
Political diversion: Re-routed Black political rights away from national South African politics to these local homelands.

| | The Bantustan system allocated just 13% of South Africa's land to approximately 75% of the population. | The Bantustan system allocated just 13% of South Africa's land to approximately 75% of the population. | | How did the nominal 'independence' of Bantustans strip Black South Africans of their fundamental rights? |

Citizenship loss: Declaring Bantustans independent stripped Black South Africans of South African citizenship.
Foreign status: Made them legal foreigners inside the country of their birth.

| | How did the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953) legally differ from segregation laws in the United States? |

No equality mandate: It explicitly stated that segregated facilities did not need to be equal.
Result: Legalized vastly inferior public facilities for non-white South Africans.

| | What is the difference between grand apartheid and petty apartheid? |

Grand apartheid: Macro-level territorial separation and political disenfranchisement (e.g., Bantustans).
Petty apartheid: Micro-level, daily segregation of public facilities (e.g., 'Whites Only' signs on benches).

| | What was the ideological goal of the Bantu Education Act (1953) as stated by Hendrik Verwoerd? |

Manual labor: To limit Black education to a level that prepared students only for manual labor.
Social control: To prevent the emergence of a highly educated Black leadership class.

| | Under the Bantu Education Act, government spending on a White child's education was approximately ten times higher than on a Black child's. | Under the Bantu Education Act, government spending on a White child's education was approximately ten times higher than on a Black child's. | | How did the migrant labor system under apartheid impact Black family structures? |

Family separation: Black men were forced to live in single-sex hostels near urban jobs.
Absent fathers: Wives and children were legally barred from accompanying them, remaining isolated in the Bantustans.

| | How do historians William Beinart and David Welsh differ on the primary driving force behind apartheid? |

Beinart (Revisionist): Apartheid was primarily an economic system designed to secure cheap labor for capitalist interests.
Welsh (Liberal): Apartheid was driven by Afrikaner nationalism and the fear of demographic 'swamping'.

| | What is Leonard Thompson's main argument regarding the nature of apartheid legislation? | He emphasizes the comprehensive and systematic nature of the legal architecture, arguing it created an unparalleled system of total racial domination. | | The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and the Immorality Amendment Act (1950) legally policed private life by banning interracial marriage and sexual relationships. | The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and the Immorality Amendment Act (1950) legally policed private life by banning interracial marriage and sexual relationships. |

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Division and Classification Flashcards

Flashcards for Division and classification

Flashcards for Division and classification - IB