IB History Italy Under Mussolini Flashcards

Japanese domestic issues: political and economic issues, and their impact on foreign relations

Political instability in China

Japanese Invasion of Manchuria and Northern China (1931)

The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1941)

The Three Power/Tripartite Pact (1940); the Outbreak of War; Pearl Harbor (1941) - Events and Responses

The Outbreak of War

Pearl Harbor (1941)

The League of Nations and the Lytton Report

Political developments within China: The Second United Front

Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany

Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy and Germany

Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe

The end of collective security

Appeasement

German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933-1938)

Entry into the Second World War

German expansion (1938-1939)

Pact of Steel, Nazi-Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war

International response to German aggression (1933-1938)

International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)

Appeasement

The end of collective security

Changing diplomatic alignments in Europe

Impact of fascism and Nazism on the foreign policies of Italy

Impact of domestic economic issues on the foreign policies of Italy

Italian expansion: Abyssinia (1935-1936)

Italian expansion: Albania

Entry into the Second World War

International response to Italian aggression (1935-1936)

International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)

Racism and violence against African Americans

The Ku Klux Klan

Disenfranchisement

Segregation and education

Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954)

Little Rock (1957)

Economic and social discrimination

Impact on individuals

Non-violent protests

Montgomery bus boycott (1955-1956)

Freedom Rides (1961)

Freedom Summer (1964)

Legislative changes: Civil Rights Act (1964)

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Key actors: Martin Luther King Jr

Malcolm X

Lyndon B Johnson

Key groups: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

Petty Apartheid and Grand Apartheid legislation

Division and classification

Segregation of populations and amenities

Creation of townships/forced removals

Segregation of education

Bantustan system

Impact on individuals

Non-violent protests: bus boycotts

Defiance campaign, Freedom Charter

Increasing violence: the Sharpeville massacre (1960) and the decision to adopt the armed struggle

Official response: the Rivonia trial (1963-1964) and the imprisonment of the ANC leadership

Key individuals: Nelson Mandela

Albert Luthuli

Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC)

Ethnic tensions in Rwanda

The creation of the Hutu power movement and the Interahamwe

Role of the media

Economic Causes

Rwandan Civil War (1990-1993)

Assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira (1994)

Actions of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and Rwandan government

Role of the media

Nature of the genocide and other crimes against humanity

Wartime Sexual Violence

Response of the international community: The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)

Reasons for inaction

Role of France, Belgium and the US

Social impact

Post Rwandan Genocide: The Refugee Crisis

Post Rwandan Genocide: Justice and Reconciliation

International impact: Establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994)

Political and economic impact

Continued warfare in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire)

Ethnic tensions between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians

Rising Albanian nationalism

Political causes: constitutional reforms (1989-1994)

Repression of the Albanian independence campaign

Role and significance of Slobodan Milosevic and Ibrahim Rugova

Actions of Kosovo Liberation Army, Serbian government police and military

Ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity

Significance of the Račak massacre

Response of the international community: The UN

NATO bombing campaign

Kosovo Force (KFOR)

Social and economic consequences

Refugee crisis

Damage to infrastructure

Political impact in Kosovo

Election of Ibrahim Rugova as president (2002)

International reaction and impact

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Indictment of Milosevic

India - Origins and Rise of Independence Movements

India - Methods Used and Reasons for Success

India - Challenges Faced in the first 10 years and Responses to Challenges

Ben Bella and Algeria - Origins and Rise of Independence Movements

Ben Bella and Algeria - Methods Used and Reasons for Success

Ben Bella and Algeria - Challenges Faced in the first 10 years and Responses to Challenges

Nkrumah and Ghana - Origins and Rise of Independence Movements

Nkrumah and Ghana - Methods Used and Reasons for Success

Nkrumah and Ghana - Challenges Faced in the first 10 years and Responses to Challenges

Kenyatta and Kenya - Origins and Rise of Independence Movements

Kenyatta and Kenya - Methods Used and Reasons for Success

Kenyatta and Kenya - Challenges Faced in the first 10 years and Responses to Challenges

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam - Origins and Rise of Independence Movements

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam - Methods Used and Reasons for Success

Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam - Challenges Faced in the first 10 years and Responses to Challenges

Germany: Emergence of democratic states

Germany: Aims and results of policies

Germany: The development of democratic states

India: Emergence of Democratic State

India: Aims & Results of Policies

India: The Development of Democratic State

USA: Emergence of Democratic State

USA: Aims & Results of Policies

USA: The Development of Democratic State

South Africa : Emergence of Democratic State

South Africa: Development of Democratic States

South Africa: Aims and Results of Policies

Emergence: Conditions for Castro's rise to power

Emergence: Methods used to achieve Castro's power

Consolidation and maintenance: Castro's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Castro's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Castro's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Castro's nature and extent of the opposition

Consolidation and maintenance: Castro's foreign policy

Aims and results of policies: Castro's domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Castro's domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Castro's domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Castro's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Castro's impact of policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Castro's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Emergence: Conditions for Lenin's rise to power

Emergence: Lenin's Methods used to achieve power

Consolidation and maintenance: Lenin's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Lenin's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Lenin's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Lenin's nature and extent of the opposition

Consolidation and maintenance: Lenin's foreign policy

Aims and results of policies: Lenin's Domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Lenin's Domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Lenin's Domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Lenin's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Impact of Lenin's policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Lenin's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Emergence: Conditions for Stalin's rise to power

Emergence: Methods used to achieve Stalin's power

Consolidation and maintenance: Stalin's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Stalin's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Stalin's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Stalin's nature and extent of the opposition

Consolidation and maintenance: Stalin's foreign policy

Aims and results of policies: Stalin's domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Stalin's domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Stalin's domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Stalin's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Impact of Stalin's policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Stalin's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Emergence: Conditions for Mao's rise to power

Emergence: Methods used to achieve Mao's power

Consolidation and maintenance: Mao's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Mao's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Mao's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Mao's nature and extent of the opposition

Aims and results of policies: Mao's domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Mao's domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Mao's domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Mao's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Impact of Mao's policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Mao's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Emergence: Conditions for Mussolini's rise to power

Emergence: Methods used to achieve Mussolini's power

Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's nature and extent of the opposition

Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's foreign policy

Aims and results of policies: Mussolini's domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Mussolini's domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Mussolini's domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Mussolini's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Impact of Mussolini's policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Mussolini's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Emergence: Conditions for Hitler's rise to power

Emergence: Methods used to achieve Hitler's power

Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's legal methods

Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's charisma and propaganda

Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's use of force

Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's nature and extent of the opposition

Consolidation and maintenance: Hitler's foreign policy

Aims and results of policies: Hitler's domestic policies - economic policies

Aims and results of policies: Hitler's domestic policies - social policies

Aims and results of policies: Hitler's domestic policies - political policies

Aims and results of policies: Hitler's cultural policies

Aims and results of policies: Impact of Hitler's policies on women and minorities

Aims and results of policies: Hitler's authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

WW2 in Pacific: Causes of War

WW2 in Pacific: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

WW2 in Pacific: Effects of War

WW1 Europe: Causes of War

WW1 Europe: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

WW1 Europe: Effects of War

Spanish Civil War: Causes of War

Spanish Civil War: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

Spanish Civil War: Effects of War

Chinese Civil War: Causes of War

Chinese Civil War: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

Chinese Civil War: Effects of War

Algerian War: Causes of War

Algerian War: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

Algerian War: Effects of War

First Indochina War: Causes of War

First Indochina War: Practices of War and the Impact on the Outcome

First Indochina War: Effects of War

Rivalry, mistrust and accord - Grand Alliance breakdown (1943-1949)

Rivalry, mistrust and accord - Superpower relations (1947-1979)

Rivalry, mistrust, and accord - End of the Cold War (1979-91)

Leaders - Stalin (USSR, 1945-1953)

Leaders - Truman (US, 1945-1953)

Leaders - Khrushchev (USSR, 1953-1964)

Leaders - Kennedy (USA 1961-63)

Leaders - Mao (China, 1949-1976)

Leaders - Nixon (US, 1969-1974)

Leaders - Brezhnev (USSR, 1964-1982)

Leaders - Gorbachev (USSR, 1985-1991)

Leaders - Reagan (US, 1981-1989)

Nations - United States

Nations - Soviet Union

Nations - China

Nations - Cuba

Nations - East Germany

Nations - West Germany

Cold War Crises - Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

Cold War Crises - Berlin Wall (1958-1961)

Cold War Crises - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cold War Crises - The North Korean invasion of South Korea (1950)

Cold War Crises - Vietnam War (1955-1975)

Cold War Crises - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

The Royal Demesne in France under the Capetians

The Duchy of Normandy and France

Comparing England and France

Pre-Norman England

Normans in England

Angevin Commonwealth

Hostility to Muslims

Impact of Persecution of Jews

Persecution of Jews

Jews in Medieval Europe

Conflicts in Spain

Christian Opposition in Spain

Succession Crises in England

The Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years War 1415–1453

The Wars of the Roses

Nature of Kingship and Challenges

Crisis of Monarchy and Challenges to Royal Authority

The Rise and Fall of Ducal Burgundy

Origins, Causes and Development

Forms of Government in Italian City States

The Importance of Patronage

Spread and Impact of the Renaissance in England

Northern Renaissance in Burgundy and Germany

Literature & Political Writings

Motives for Exploration

Enablers of Exploration

Portuguese Exploration of Africa

Exploration and the New World

Impact on Europe to 1550

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Exploration and the Indian Ocean

The State of the Catholic Church

The Religious Ideas and Impact of Luther

The Successful Spread of Lutheran Ideas

Religion and Conflict in Germany

The Response of the Catholic Church

The Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment Ideas in France & England

Louis XIV of France vs Peter the Great of Russia

Frederick the Great vs Joseph II of Austria

Social & Economic Change in the Enlightenment Era

Monarchy, Patronage and the Arts

From Monarchy to Republic

Directory (1795–1799)

Rise and Rule of Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

Crisis of the Ancien Régime

Impact of the French Revolution

The Bourbon Restoration & The Congress of Vienna

Louis XVIII and Charles X

Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe

1848 Revolution

Napoleon III and the Second Empire

Third Republic (1871–1914)

Social Protest (1815–1848)

Extension of the Franchise

Victorian Society c1840–c1900

Disraeli, Gladstone and Salisbury

Early 20th-Century Britain

Unrest and Protest (1901–1914)

Italy (1815–1849)

Germany (1815–1849)

Unification of Italy (1849–1871)

Rise of Prussia and Decline of Austria

Bismarck, Prussia and Final Unification

Germany (1871–1890)

Alexander II (1855–1881)

Alexander III (1881–1894) and Nicholas II (1894–1917)

Causes of the 1905 Revolution

The Impact of the First World War

1917 Revolutions

Lenin’s Russia/Soviet Union

European Diplomacy after 1871

Foreign Policy of Kaiser Wilhelm II

Causes of the First World War

Impact of the First World War on Civilian Populations of two countries

The Defeat of Germany and the Other Central Powers

Weimar Germany (1918–1933)

Hitler’s Germany (1933–1939)

Spain (1918–39)

Case Study: Britain (1918–39)

Paris Peace Treaties (1919–1923)

The League of Nations and Europe

Italian and German Foreign Policies (1919–1941)

Collective Security and Appeasement

Causes of the Second World War

Impact of War on Civilian Populations in Britain and the Soviet Union

Soviet Union (1924–1941)

The Impact of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)

Khrushchev and Brezhnev

Transformation of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Breakdown of the Wartime Alliance

Post-War Problems in Western Europe

West Germany (1963–1990)

Political, Social and Economic Changes in Britain

Spain From Franco to Democracy (1939–2000)

Soviet Domination

Cooperation & Protests (1945–1968):

Extent of Soviet Control

Collapse of USSR in Central & Eastern Europe

Balkan Conflicts in the 1990s

Poland in the Post-Communist Era (1989–2000)

Culture

Religion

Economic and Social Structures

Warfare in Maintaining and Expanding Political Organization

Types of Political Organization

Exploration and Conquest in North America

European Rivalries

Treatment of Indigenous Populations

Economic Impact of Exploration and Conquest

Exploration and Conquest in Latin America

Political Organization in Spanish and Portuguese America

Political Organization in British and French North America

Anglo-French Rivalry in North America to 1763

Limits of State Power and Resistance to Authority

Colonial American Economies

Bourbon Reforms and Pombaline Reforms

Aims of the Catholic Church in Spanish and Portuguese America

Jesuits

Indigenous Religions and Christianity

Religion in New France

The Great Awakening

Religious Tolerance and Intolerance

Reasons & Origins of Slavery

Expansion of Slavery

Economic & Social Impact of Slavery

Middle Passage

Opposition to Slavery

Resistance and Rebellions in British America

Independence Movements in the Americas

Contributions of Leaders to the Process of Independence

Declaration of Independence

Latin America

Monroe Doctrine

Economies and Societies of Brazil & Mexico

United States

Latin America Political System

War of 1812

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

Canada and the 1837 Rebellions

Slavery

Origins of the Civil War

Westward Expansion & the Sectional Debates

Union vs Confederate

Outcome of the Civil War

Reconstruction

Railroad Construction

Immigration

Impact of Ideological Trend

Social and Cultural Changes

Leaders in the Modern Era

African Americans between 1865 and 1929

US Expansionist Foreign Policies

Spanish–American War (1898)

Impact of US Foreign Policies

US & World War I

Brazil and WWI

Impact of WWI on US & Argentina

Rule of Porfirio Diaz From 1884

Causes of the Mexican Revolution

The Revolution and Its Leaders (1910–1917)

Post-Revolutionary State (1920–1940)

Lázaro Cárdenas

Foreign Powers during the Mexican Revolution

Social Impact of the Revolution

Political and Economic Causes

Solutions in the United States

The New Deal

Solutions in Canada

Great Depression in Latin America

Latin American Responses

Societal Impact

Reactions to the Events in Europe & Asia

Brazil and the US in World War II

Social Impact of the Second World War

Treatment of Japanese Americans

US Use of Atomic Weapons

Economic and Diplomatic effects on United States and Mexico

The Cuban Revolution

Fidel Castro

Populist Leaders in Argentina & Peru

Democracy in Crisis

Chile under Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990)

Guerrilla Movements

Liberation Theology in Latin America

Truman & the Fair Deal

Kennedy and the New Frontier

Nixon’s Domestic Policies

Canadian Prime Ministers

The Quiet Revolution

Truman & McCarthyism

Korean War

Eisenhower and Dulles

Vietnam War

Foreign Policy from Kennedy to Carter

Cold War in Cuba

Indigenous Peoples

African Americans & Civil Rights

Dr Martin Luther King Jr

Feminist Movements

Hispanic American Movement

Youth Culture and Protests of the 1960s and 1970s

The United States

US Foreign Policy

Canadian Domestic Policies

Transition to Democracy in Argentina & Chile

Post Transition Challenges in Argentina & Chile

Violent and Non-Violent Movements in El Salvador & Nicaragua

Economic & Political Cooperation in the Americas

Terrorism

The Silk Road under the Tang dynasty

Connecting West & East

The Mongol Empire

Political and Cultural Integration

Cultural Interaction & Exchange

Decline in the 15th Century

The Gempei War (1180–1185)

The Mongol Invasions of Japan

Samurai in Japanese Society & Culture

Samurai Life

The First Samurai-Dominated Government

Struggles Between Samurai Clans

The Samurai under Minamoto

China “Looking Out”

Japan “Looking Out”

China “Turning In”

Japan “Turning In”

Isolation on China & Japan

Beginnings of Indo-European Trade

European Settlements

Origins & Rise of Mughal Power

Consolidation of Mughal Rule

Rulers of the Mughal Empire

Religious Cooperation & Conflict

Domestic Opposition

Social, Cultural & Economic Achievements

Decline of the Mughal Empire

The Dutch Colonial System

The French Colonial System

The Spanish Colonial System

The Philippines & the United States

Siamese Monarchy

Expansion of the British East India Company

British Colonial System in India

The Great Revolt (Indian Mutiny) of 1857

Key Developments 1858–1914

Constitutional Groups of India

Afghanistan: Russo-British Rivalry

Burma

The Qing Dynasty

Internal Challenges

Chinese Tribute System

First and Second Opium Wars

Taiping Rebellion

Tokugawa Shogunate’s Rule in Japan

The Bakumatsu Period (1853–1868)

Indigenous Societies

Settlement Schemes

Tensions Between Indigenous People & the Settlers

The Gold Rushes

Constitutional Developments

Impact of WWI on Australia & New Zealand

British Administration in the Pacific Islands

Tongzhi Restoration & Self-Strengthening Movement

Defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Boxer Rebellion (1900–1901)

Sun Yixian & the 1911 Xinhai Revolution

Meiji Restoration (1868) in Japan

Social, Cultural & Economic Developments in Meiji Japan

The Rise of Japanese Military Power

Korean Isolation

Key Political Developments

Key Groups & Individuals

Struggle For Independence

Growth of Muslim Separatism

Impact of World War II

Post-Independence India

World War I

Taisho Democracy

Militarism and Extreme Nationalism

Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)

Japan and the Pacific War (1941–1945)

The US Occupation (1945–1952)

Japan’s “Economic Miracle"

Rise of National Identity in China

Nationalist Rule of China

Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

Japanese Rule of Korea

Taiwan and Republic of China (ROC)

Rise of Communism in China to 1936

Japanese Victories in South-East Asia (1940–1942)

Nature & Impact of Japanese Occupation

Nationalism & Independence Movements in Dutch East Indies

Sukarno; Ho Chi Minh; Tunku Abdul Rahman

Indonesian Independence (1949)

Thailand in WWII

Consolidation of the Communist State (1949–1961)

Transition to Socialism

Social Developments

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs 1949–1976

Power Struggle the death of Mao Zedong

China under Deng Xiaoping (1976–1997)

Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)

Korean War (1950–1953)

League for the Independence of Vietnam

Vietnam War (1956–1975)

Cambodia

Afghanistan

Foreign Policy Under Nehru

Pakistan 1947–1991

Indian under Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and Rao

Nation Building of Bangladesh

Ceylon/Sri Lanka

Social and Cultural Developments

Immigration to Australia & New Zealand

Policies & Achievements of Governments in Australia

Policies & Achievements of Governments in New Zealand

Indigenous Peoples in Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand

Economic Policies & Realignment

Independent Pacific Island States

Impact of Globalization

Immigration/Emigration

Social Issues & Developments

Religion in Society

Cultural Change

Emergence of Terrorism