IB Sports, exercise and health science A.3.1.2 Adapting Training Methods to Fitness Level, Age, Sex, and Menstrual Cycle Key Definitions

The first half of the menstrual cycle, from the start of menstruation up to ovulation. Oestrogen rises while progesterone stays low. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone levels also increase.

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as proteins and fats.

The second half of the menstrual cycle, from ovulation to the next menstruation. Progesterone is produced at a higher level, body temperature is elevated, and glycogen sparing is more pronounced.

The training programme of an athlete for an entire year or season. It includes every phase of training (transition, preparation, competition) along with all mesocycles and microcycles within those phases.

The regular hormonal cycle in females, which can affect exercise performance, endurance, and recovery rates during different phases.

The menstrual cycle is a recurring series of hormonal changes that prepares the body for a potential pregnancy. It consists of follicular, ovulatory, luteal, and menstrual phases.

A primary female sex hormone that rises through the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, peaks just before ovulation, and influences glycogen sparing, joint laxity, and body temperature regulation.

A female sex hormone that dominates the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. It prepares the uterus lining for implantation and has a thermogenic effect that raises core body temperature, increasing hydration demand.

Thermoregulation refers to the body's ability to maintain an optimal internal temperature during exercise.

The combination of intensity, volume, and frequency of exercise in a training program.