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Alveoli
Alveoli are tiny, balloon-like structures that are the primary site for the exchange of gases (O₂ and CO₂). They provide a large surface area for gas exchange due to their many folds.
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-vO₂ diff)
The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood, indicating how much oxygen is extracted by muscles during circulation.
Diffusion (gas exchange)
The passive movement of a gas from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure. It is the mechanism by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli, blood, and tissues.
Expiratory reserve volume
The additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume
The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath.
Minute ventilation
Minute ventilation is the total volume of air that is inspired or expired from the lungs per minute.
Residual volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. It cannot be voluntarily expelled and keeps the alveoli from collapsing.
Respiratory rate
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute.
Tidal Volume
Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath.
Total lung capacity
The total volume of air the lungs can hold, equal to vital capacity plus residual volume.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of moving air or water across the gas-exchange surface to refresh the supply of gases and maintain the concentration gradient.
Vital capacity
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation. It equals tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume.
VO₂ max
VO₂ max (maximal oxygen consumption) is the maximum volume of oxygen that an individual can use per minute during intense exercise.