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Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

1.1 Identity

1.2 The self and the other

1.3 Consciousness

1.4 Personhood

1.5 Human nature

1.6 Freedom

2.1 The nature of art

2.2 The artist and the artistic process

2.3 Aesthetic experience and judgement

3.1 Nature of knowledge

3.2 Problems of knowledge

3.3 Application of knowledge

4.1 Normative ethics

4.2 Meta-ethics

4.3 Applied ethics

5.1 Nature and existence of God

5.2 Religious language

5.3 Religious experience and behaviour

6.1 Nature and methodologies of science

6.2 Science and the self

6.3 Science and society

7.1 The state

7.2 Justice

7.3 Liberty and rights

8.1 Social structures and institutions

8.2 Equality and discrimination

8.3 Gender

9.1 Philosophy and technology

9.2 Philosophy and the environment

9.3 The nature, function, and meaning of methodology of philosophy

10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer

10.2 The Analects – Confucius

10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes

10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon

10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche

10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum

10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset

10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato

10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor

10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu

10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir

10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill

IB Philosophy 2.3.2 Aesthetic Judgement Key Definitions

Definition

Aesthetic judgement

Aesthetic judgement: an evaluative claim about the beauty, quality, or significance of an artwork or natural phenomenon, whose status as subjective, objective, or culturally conditioned is itself a core philosophical dispute.

Definition

The beholder's share

The beholder's share: a concept developed by Ernst Gombrich describing the active contribution that viewers bring to their experience of art, constructing meaning through expectations, cultural knowledge, and imaginative projection rather than passively receiving the artwork's intended message.

Definition

Universalism

Universalism is the view that certain moral principles or human values apply to all people regardless of culture, historical period, or social context, grounding ethics in features shared by every rational or sentient being. It stands in direct opposition to moral relativism, which holds that ethical standards are culturally contingent and cannot be judged from an external standpoint.

IB Philosophy 2.3.2 Aesthetic Judgement Key Definitions

Definition

Aesthetic judgement

Aesthetic judgement: an evaluative claim about the beauty, quality, or significance of an artwork or natural phenomenon, whose status as subjective, objective, or culturally conditioned is itself a core philosophical dispute.

Definition

The beholder's share

The beholder's share: a concept developed by Ernst Gombrich describing the active contribution that viewers bring to their experience of art, constructing meaning through expectations, cultural knowledge, and imaginative projection rather than passively receiving the artwork's intended message.

Definition

Universalism

Universalism is the view that certain moral principles or human values apply to all people regardless of culture, historical period, or social context, grounding ethics in features shared by every rational or sentient being. It stands in direct opposition to moral relativism, which holds that ethical standards are culturally contingent and cannot be judged from an external standpoint.