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Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

1.1 Identity

1.2 The self and the other

1.3 Consciousness

1.4 Personhood

1.5 Human nature

1.6 Freedom

2.1 The nature of art

2.2 The artist and the artistic process

2.3 Aesthetic experience and judgement

3.1 Nature of knowledge

3.2 Problems of knowledge

3.3 Application of knowledge

4.1 Normative ethics

4.2 Meta-ethics

4.3 Applied ethics

5.1 Nature and existence of God

5.2 Religious language

5.3 Religious experience and behaviour

6.1 Nature and methodologies of science

6.2 Science and the self

6.3 Science and society

7.1 The state

7.2 Justice

7.3 Liberty and rights

8.1 Social structures and institutions

8.2 Equality and discrimination

8.3 Gender

9.1 Philosophy and technology

9.2 Philosophy and the environment

9.3 The nature, function, and meaning of methodology of philosophy

10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer

10.2 The Analects – Confucius

10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes

10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon

10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche

10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum

10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset

10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato

10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor

10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu

10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir

10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill

IB Philosophy 10.7.6 Freedom, Responsibility, and the Modern Self Key Definitions

Definition

Human nature

Human nature refers to the set of characteristics, capacities, and dispositions thought to be shared by all human beings, independent of culture, upbringing, or historical context, and that define what it fundamentally means to be human.

Definition

Mass man

In Ortega y Gasset's philosophy, the mass man is a social type defined not by class but by a psychological attitude of self-satisfaction and complacency, marked by a refusal to demand more of oneself than what comes easily.

Definition

Noble life

Ortega y Gasset's concept of the noble life (vida noble) describes a life organized around self-imposed demands and discipline, in which the individual treats freedom not as a right to comfort but as a continuous obligation to grow, contribute, and hold oneself to standards that exceed what society requires.

Definition

Radical responsibility

Radical responsibility is the view, shared by Ortega and the existentialists, that human beings are fundamentally accountable for the kind of person they become, because identity is not given but constructed through choices that cannot be delegated to society, tradition, or circumstance.

IB Philosophy 10.7.6 Freedom, Responsibility, and the Modern Self Key Definitions

Definition

Human nature

Human nature refers to the set of characteristics, capacities, and dispositions thought to be shared by all human beings, independent of culture, upbringing, or historical context, and that define what it fundamentally means to be human.

Definition

Mass man

In Ortega y Gasset's philosophy, the mass man is a social type defined not by class but by a psychological attitude of self-satisfaction and complacency, marked by a refusal to demand more of oneself than what comes easily.

Definition

Noble life

Ortega y Gasset's concept of the noble life (vida noble) describes a life organized around self-imposed demands and discipline, in which the individual treats freedom not as a right to comfort but as a continuous obligation to grow, contribute, and hold oneself to standards that exceed what society requires.

Definition

Radical responsibility

Radical responsibility is the view, shared by Ortega and the existentialists, that human beings are fundamentally accountable for the kind of person they become, because identity is not given but constructed through choices that cannot be delegated to society, tradition, or circumstance.