IB Philosophy 10.6.4 the Self and Vulnerability Key Definitions

in Nussbaum's capabilities approach, one of the ten central human capabilities, encompassing both the ability to live with and toward others and the social bases of self-respect and non-humiliation. Without affiliation, Nussbaum argues, other capabilities lose much of their value because human flourishing is irreducibly relational.

Agency is the capacity of an individual to act intentionally and make choices, exercising control over actions and their consequences.

The cognitive theory of emotions, developed by Martha Nussbaum in Upheavals of Thought (2001), holds that emotions are not irrational disturbances but evaluative judgements about the world. Because emotions have evaluative content, they can be assessed for accuracy and rational coherence.

The ethics of care, developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings, is a moral framework arguing that moral life centres on relationships, responsiveness, and attentiveness to particular others rather than abstract principles or impartial rules.

Moral responsibility is the status of being worthy of praise or blame for one's actions, typically requiring that the agent acted freely, with knowledge of what they were doing, and with the capacity to have done otherwise.

in Nussbaum's capabilities framework, the capability to form a personal conception of the good and to engage in critical reflection about how to plan one's own life. She regards practical reason as one of two architectonic capabilities (alongside affiliation) that organise and give structure to all the others: without the ability to deliberate and choose, the other capabilities cannot be exercised in a fully human way.

a French term Nietzsche uses to describe a specific psychological condition of suppressed resentment, envy, and hostility toward those perceived as stronger or more powerful. In his genealogy, ressentiment is the emotional origin of slave morality: the weak invert the values of the strong, redefining their own weakness as virtue and the strength of others as evil.