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Informed consent
Informed consent is a foundational principle of research ethics requiring that participants voluntarily agree to take part in a study after receiving clear information about its nature, risks, and purpose. Established by the Nuremberg Code (1947), it affirms that the autonomy and dignity of research subjects must be respected regardless of the potential benefits.
Moral autonomy
In Mill's philosophy, moral autonomy is the capacity of individuals to determine their own moral principles through independent reflection and rational deliberation, rather than accepting moral rules imposed by custom, tradition, or external authority.