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Euthanasia
Euthanasia is the deliberate ending of a person's life to relieve suffering. Active euthanasia involves a direct act (such as administering a lethal dose), while passive euthanasia involves withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.
Natural rights
Natural rights are rights that individuals possess by virtue of their humanity, prior to and independent of any legal system or political institution. John Locke argued that the rights to life, liberty, and property are natural and inalienable, and a government that violates them forfeits its legitimacy.
Self-regarding actions
Self-regarding actions are those that affect primarily the individual agent and do not directly harm the interests of others. By contrast, other-regarding actions have consequences for others and may therefore be legitimately regulated by society or the state.
The harm principle
The harm principle is John Stuart Mill's central claim in On Liberty (1859) that the only legitimate reason for exercising power over an individual against their will is to prevent harm to others.