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Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

1.1 Identity

1.2 The self and the other

1.3 Consciousness

1.4 Personhood

1.5 Human nature

1.6 Freedom

2.1 The nature of art

2.2 The artist and the artistic process

2.3 Aesthetic experience and judgement

3.1 Nature of knowledge

3.2 Problems of knowledge

3.3 Application of knowledge

4.1 Normative ethics

4.2 Meta-ethics

4.3 Applied ethics

5.1 Nature and existence of God

5.2 Religious language

5.3 Religious experience and behaviour

6.1 Nature and methodologies of science

6.2 Science and the self

6.3 Science and society

7.1 The state

7.2 Justice

7.3 Liberty and rights

8.1 Social structures and institutions

8.2 Equality and discrimination

8.3 Gender

9.1 Philosophy and technology

9.2 Philosophy and the environment

9.3 The nature, function, and meaning of methodology of philosophy

10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer

10.2 The Analects – Confucius

10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes

10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon

10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche

10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum

10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset

10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato

10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor

10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu

10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir

10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill

IB Philosophy 10.1.2 Implications for Philosophy and Metaphysics Key Definitions

Definition

Cosmological argument

The cosmological argument is an a posteriori proof for God's existence that reasons from the observable fact that the universe exists and requires a cause to the conclusion that there must be a necessary, uncaused first cause. Versions by Aquinas, Leibniz, and the Islamic kalam tradition differ in detail but share the core claim that an infinite regress of contingent causes is impossible or explanatorily unsatisfying.

Definition

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of reality, including questions about existence, substance, causation, and the relationship between mind and body. Ayer argues that metaphysical statements are cognitively meaningless because they are neither analytic nor empirically verifiable.

Definition

Theological non-cognitivism

Theological non-cognitivism is the view that religious statements such as 'God exists' do not express propositions capable of being true or false. On Ayer's account, this is more radical than atheism, because the claim is not that God does not exist but that the sentence fails to say anything meaningful at all.

IB Philosophy 10.1.2 Implications for Philosophy and Metaphysics Key Definitions

Definition

Cosmological argument

The cosmological argument is an a posteriori proof for God's existence that reasons from the observable fact that the universe exists and requires a cause to the conclusion that there must be a necessary, uncaused first cause. Versions by Aquinas, Leibniz, and the Islamic kalam tradition differ in detail but share the core claim that an infinite regress of contingent causes is impossible or explanatorily unsatisfying.

Definition

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of reality, including questions about existence, substance, causation, and the relationship between mind and body. Ayer argues that metaphysical statements are cognitively meaningless because they are neither analytic nor empirically verifiable.

Definition

Theological non-cognitivism

Theological non-cognitivism is the view that religious statements such as 'God exists' do not express propositions capable of being true or false. On Ayer's account, this is more radical than atheism, because the claim is not that God does not exist but that the sentence fails to say anything meaningful at all.