IB Sports, exercise and health science A.1.2.2 Acute and Long-term Responses to the Heat Key Definitions

The physiological adjustments the body makes over time in response to environmental changes such as heat, humidity, or altitude.

A type of fat tissue that generates heat through non-shivering thermogenesis by burning fat, especially in response to cold exposure.

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

Transfer of heat through the movement of air or liquids

Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge, essential for fluid balance, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction.

Cooling mechanism where sweat evaporates from the skin, absorbing heat from the body and lowering body temperature. Efficiency is affected by humidity.

Damage to skin and underlying tissue caused by prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures, commonly affecting extremities like fingers and toes.

A condition where the body’s core temperature drops below 35°C, impairing normal physiological functions and potentially leading to severe health complications.

Piloerection is the contraction of tiny muscles at the base of hair follicles, causing hair to stand upright.

Transfer of heat through infrared radiation, where the body radiates heat into the surroundings or absorbs heat from warmer objects or the sun.

The rate of breathing. In hot environments, an increased respiratory rate helps expel warm air and assist in cooling the body.

The widening of blood vessels, particularly near the skin, to increase blood flow and enhance heat dissipation.