IB Sports, exercise and health science A.2.2.5 Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Health and Performance Key Definitions

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells

Essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) that support muscle protein synthesis and recovery, influenced by gut microbiome activity.

An imbalance in the gut microbiome, where harmful microbes outnumber beneficial ones, potentially leading to digestive issues, inflammation, and metabolic disorders.

The gut microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms living in the digestive system, particularly in the intestines.

A two-way communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, linking the gut and the brain through endocrine, immune, metabolic and neural pathways.

The gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain.

The bidirectional communication system between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, influencing mood, cognition, and stress response.

The microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) that live within a specific environment, such as the gut, skin, or mouth.

Polyphenols are a family of plant-based chemical compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, found in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages.

Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, are considered to be health-promoting. Often used to increase the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

Fatty acids (butyrate, acetate, propionate) produced by gut bacteria through fiber fermentation, essential for colon health, energy metabolism, and inflammation control.