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Deep ecology
Deep ecology is a philosophical movement founded by Arne Naess that rejects human-centred approaches to the environment and holds that all living beings have intrinsic value regardless of their usefulness to humans. It contrasts with shallow ecology, which treats environmental problems as technical issues solvable within existing frameworks.
Intrinsic value
Intrinsic value is the worth that something possesses in itself, independent of its usefulness to anyone or anything else. Contrasted with extrinsic (instrumental) value, which depends on serving as a means to a further end, it is central to debates about whether nature deserves protection for its own sake.
Moral agency
Moral agency is the capacity of a being to understand moral principles, distinguish right from wrong, and be held accountable for its choices and actions.
Social ecology
Social ecology is Murray Bookchin's philosophical framework arguing that environmental destruction stems from hierarchical social structures, particularly capitalism, and that ecological problems can only be solved by transforming the social relationships that produce domination of both humans and nature.