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Distributive justice
Distributive justice is the branch of ethics concerned with the fair allocation of resources, opportunities, and burdens across members of a society, addressing who gets what and on what basis.
Restorative justice
Restorative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by wrongdoing rather than on punishing the offender. It typically involves facilitated dialogue between victims, offenders, and the community, drawing on indigenous traditions as an alternative to retributive and purely utilitarian models.
Retributive justice
Retributive justice is the theory that wrongdoers deserve punishment proportional to their offence, grounded in the moral principle that justice requires a fitting response to wrongdoing. Kant argued that punishing the guilty is a categorical imperative that honours the offender's status as a rational moral agent.
Veil of ignorance
The veil of ignorance is a thought experiment central to Rawls's theory of justice, in which rational agents choose principles of justice without knowing their own social position, talents, or conception of the good, ensuring that the principles they select are fair to everyone.