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Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

1.1 Identity

1.2 The self and the other

1.3 Consciousness

1.4 Personhood

1.5 Human nature

1.6 Freedom

2.1 The nature of art

2.2 The artist and the artistic process

2.3 Aesthetic experience and judgement

3.1 Nature of knowledge

3.2 Problems of knowledge

3.3 Application of knowledge

4.1 Normative ethics

4.2 Meta-ethics

4.3 Applied ethics

5.1 Nature and existence of God

5.2 Religious language

5.3 Religious experience and behaviour

6.1 Nature and methodologies of science

6.2 Science and the self

6.3 Science and society

7.1 The state

7.2 Justice

7.3 Liberty and rights

8.1 Social structures and institutions

8.2 Equality and discrimination

8.3 Gender

9.1 Philosophy and technology

9.2 Philosophy and the environment

9.3 The nature, function, and meaning of methodology of philosophy

10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer

10.2 The Analects – Confucius

10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes

10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon

10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche

10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum

10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset

10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato

10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor

10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu

10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir

10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill

IB Philosophy 7.2.3 Interrelationships Between Justice, Freedom and Equality Key Definitions

Definition

Egalitarianism

the family of theories holding that equality is the foundational value of justice. Egalitarian positions range from strict equality (everyone should have the same) to luck egalitarianism (inequalities are unjust only when they arise from circumstances beyond an individual's control) to prioritarianism (priority should be given to the worst off, even if strict equality is not achieved).

Definition

Formal equality

the principle that individuals in relevantly similar circumstances should be treated identically, regardless of their particular characteristics. Formal equality guarantees equal treatment under the law but does not address pre-existing inequalities of wealth, power, or social position, which is why critics argue it can mask substantive injustice.

Definition

Natural rights

Natural rights are rights that individuals possess by virtue of their humanity, prior to and independent of any legal system or political institution. John Locke argued that the rights to life, liberty, and property are natural and inalienable, and a government that violates them forfeits its legitimacy.

IB Philosophy 7.2.3 Interrelationships Between Justice, Freedom and Equality Key Definitions

Definition

Egalitarianism

the family of theories holding that equality is the foundational value of justice. Egalitarian positions range from strict equality (everyone should have the same) to luck egalitarianism (inequalities are unjust only when they arise from circumstances beyond an individual's control) to prioritarianism (priority should be given to the worst off, even if strict equality is not achieved).

Definition

Formal equality

the principle that individuals in relevantly similar circumstances should be treated identically, regardless of their particular characteristics. Formal equality guarantees equal treatment under the law but does not address pre-existing inequalities of wealth, power, or social position, which is why critics argue it can mask substantive injustice.

Definition

Natural rights

Natural rights are rights that individuals possess by virtue of their humanity, prior to and independent of any legal system or political institution. John Locke argued that the rights to life, liberty, and property are natural and inalienable, and a government that violates them forfeits its legitimacy.