Monotheism is the belief that there exists only one supreme, all-powerful God, a position central to the Abrahamic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The concept raises distinctive philosophical questions about how a single being can possess attributes such as omnipotence, omniscience, and perfect goodness without internal contradiction.

Omnipotence is the divine attribute of unlimited power, traditionally defined as God's ability to do anything that is logically possible. Whether omnipotence extends to logically contradictory acts (such as creating a stone too heavy for God to lift) is the central puzzle of the omnipotence paradox.

Omniscience is the divine attribute of possessing complete and perfect knowledge of all truths, encompassing past, present, and future events. The concept generates philosophical puzzles about whether divine foreknowledge is compatible with genuine human free will, since an infallibly known future appears to leave no room for agents to do otherwise.

The ontological argument is an a priori proof for the existence of God that proceeds from the concept of God alone, without relying on empirical observation. Descartes' version in Meditation V argues that because God possesses all perfections and existence is a perfection, God necessarily exists.

Pantheism is the view that God and the universe are identical, associated with Spinoza's Deus sive Natura ("God or Nature"), and denying a personal, transcendent God separate from the natural world.

Polytheism is the belief in multiple gods, each with distinct roles, powers, and attributes, characteristic of ancient Greek, Hindu, and Norse religious traditions. In the philosophy of religion, polytheism poses a challenge to arguments that assume a single necessary being and raises questions about the coherence of dividing divine perfections among several deities.

Religious language: the words, statements, and linguistic forms used to express beliefs about God, the sacred, and the transcendent.

Philosophy of religion asks whether religious language is literal, symbolic, metaphorical, analogical, or mythological, and whether it can convey genuine knowledge.

Timelessness is the theological concept that God exists entirely outside of time, experiencing no succession of moments, no before or after, but apprehending all of reality in an eternal present. The view, defended by Boethius and Aquinas, offers a response to the problem of divine foreknowledge but raises the difficulty of explaining how a timeless being can act within a temporal world.