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Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

1.1 Identity

1.2 The self and the other

1.3 Consciousness

1.4 Personhood

1.5 Human nature

1.6 Freedom

2.1 The nature of art

2.2 The artist and the artistic process

2.3 Aesthetic experience and judgement

3.1 Nature of knowledge

3.2 Problems of knowledge

3.3 Application of knowledge

4.1 Normative ethics

4.2 Meta-ethics

4.3 Applied ethics

5.1 Nature and existence of God

5.2 Religious language

5.3 Religious experience and behaviour

6.1 Nature and methodologies of science

6.2 Science and the self

6.3 Science and society

7.1 The state

7.2 Justice

7.3 Liberty and rights

8.1 Social structures and institutions

8.2 Equality and discrimination

8.3 Gender

9.1 Philosophy and technology

9.2 Philosophy and the environment

9.3 The nature, function, and meaning of methodology of philosophy

10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer

10.2 The Analects – Confucius

10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes

10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon

10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche

10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum

10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset

10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato

10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor

10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu

10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir

10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill

IB Philosophy 10.1.4 Theory of Knowledge and Analytic/synthetic Distinction Key Definitions

Definition

A posteriori

A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is justified through sensory experience and empirical observation rather than through pure reasoning alone. The concept, contrasted with a priori knowledge, is central to the analytic/synthetic distinction: while analytic truths hold by definition, synthetic a posteriori truths, such as "water boils at 100 degrees Celsius," require investigation of the world to be confirmed or refuted.

Definition

Analytic/synthetic distinction

The analytic/synthetic distinction divides meaningful propositions into analytic statements, which are true by virtue of meaning alone (e.g. 'all bachelors are unmarried'), and synthetic statements, which are true or false by virtue of how the world is (e.g. 'the cat is on the mat'). Quine challenged and Kripke complicated this division.

Definition

Reliabilism

Reliabilism is an externalist theory of justification holding that a belief is justified if it is produced by a cognitive process that reliably generates true beliefs. The believer need not be aware of the process's reliability for the belief to count as justified.

IB Philosophy 10.1.4 Theory of Knowledge and Analytic/synthetic Distinction Key Definitions

Definition

A posteriori

A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is justified through sensory experience and empirical observation rather than through pure reasoning alone. The concept, contrasted with a priori knowledge, is central to the analytic/synthetic distinction: while analytic truths hold by definition, synthetic a posteriori truths, such as "water boils at 100 degrees Celsius," require investigation of the world to be confirmed or refuted.

Definition

Analytic/synthetic distinction

The analytic/synthetic distinction divides meaningful propositions into analytic statements, which are true by virtue of meaning alone (e.g. 'all bachelors are unmarried'), and synthetic statements, which are true or false by virtue of how the world is (e.g. 'the cat is on the mat'). Quine challenged and Kripke complicated this division.

Definition

Reliabilism

Reliabilism is an externalist theory of justification holding that a belief is justified if it is produced by a cognitive process that reliably generates true beliefs. The believer need not be aware of the process's reliability for the belief to count as justified.