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Dualism
Dualism is the metaphysical thesis that mind and body are two fundamentally distinct kinds of substance, with mental states such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations belonging to an immaterial domain that cannot be reduced to physical processes. The position, most influentially defended by Descartes, raises the persistent question of how two radically different substances can causally interact.
Mind-Body Problem
Mind-Body Problem: the philosophical question of how mental states (thoughts, feelings, experiences) relate to physical states (brain processes, bodily movements), and whether mind and body are fundamentally the same kind of thing or two distinct substances.
Substance Dualism
Substance dualism, associated with Descartes, is the view that mind and body are two fundamentally different kinds of substance. The mind (res cogitans) is non-physical and indivisible, while the body (res extensa) is physical and divisible.