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Chinese Room argument
John Searle's Chinese Room argument challenges the claim that computers can genuinely understand or think. A person in a room follows rules to manipulate Chinese symbols without understanding Chinese, showing that syntax (rule-following) is not sufficient for semantics (meaning).
Consciousness
Consciousness: the state of subjective awareness in which an individual experiences thoughts, sensations, and perceptions with a first-person, qualitative character: the 'what it is like' quality of mental life.
Transcendental Ego
Transcendental Ego: in Kant's philosophy, the structural condition of all experience, also called the transcendental unity of apperception: the formal 'I think' that must be able to accompany every representation, unifying experience into a single coherent perspective without being itself an observable object.