IB Biology B - Form and Function

B1.1.1 Chemical properties of a carbon atom

B1.1.2 Production of macromolecules by condensation reactions

B1.1.3 Digestion of polymers into monomers by hydrolysis reactions

B1.1.4 Form and function of monosaccharides

B1.1.5 Polysaccharides as energy storage compounds

B1.1.6 Structure of cellulose

B1.1.7 Role of glycoproteins in cell–cell recognition

B1.1.8 Hydrophobic properties of lipids

B1.1.9 Formation of triglycerides and phospholipids by condensation reactions

B1.1.10 Difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids

B1.1.11 Triglycerides in adipose tissues for energy storage and thermal insulation

B1.1.12 Formation of phospholipid bilayers

B1.1.13 Ability of non-polar steroids to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

B1.2.1 Generalized structure of an amino acid

B1.2.2 Condensation reactions forming dipeptides and longer chains of amino acids

B1.2.3 Dietary requirements for amino acids

B1.2.4 Infinite variety of possible peptide chains

B1.2.5 Effect of pH and temperature on protein structure

B1.2.6 Chemical diversity in the R-groups of amino acids (HL)

B1.2.7 Impact of primary structure on the conformation of proteins (HL)

B1.2.8 Pleating and coiling of secondary structure of proteins (HL)

B1.2.9 Dependence of tertiary structure on functional groups (HL)

B1.2.10 Effect of polar and non-polar amino acids on tertiary structure of proteins (HL)

B1.2.11 Quaternary structure of non-conjugated and conjugated proteins (HL)

B1.2.12 Relationship of form and function in globular and fibrous proteins (HL)

B2.1.1 Lipid bilayers as the basis of cell membranes

B2.1.2 Lipid bilayers as barriers

B2.1.3 Simple diffusion across membranes

B2.1.4 Integral and peripheral proteins in membranes

B2.1.5 Movement of water molecules across membranes by osmosis and the role of aquaporins

B2.1.6 Channel proteins for facilitated diffusion

B2.1.7 Pump proteins for active transport

B2.1.8 Selectivity in membrane permeability

B2.1.9 Structure and function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

B2.1.10 Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

B2.1.11 Relationships between fatty acid composition of lipid bilayers and their fluidity (HL)

B2.1.12 Cholesterol and membrane fluidity in animal cells (HL)

B2.1.13 Membrane fluidity and the fusion and formation of vesicles (HL)

B2.1.14 Gated ion channels in neurons (HL)

B2.1.15 Sodium–potassium pumps as an example of exchange transporters (HL)

B2.1.16 Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters as an example of indirect active transport (HL)

B2.1.17 Adhesion of cells to form tissues (HL)

B2.2.1 Organelles as discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions

B2.2.2 Advantage of the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm into separate compartments

B2.2.3 Advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

B2.2.4 Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic cell respiration (HL)

B2.2.5 Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis (HL)

B2.2.6 Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus (HL)

B2.2.7 Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (HL)

B2.2.8 Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus (HL)

B2.2.9 Structure and function of vesicles in cells (HL)

B2.3.1 Production of unspecialized cells following fertilization and their development

B2.3.2 Properties of stem cells

B2.3.3 Location and function of stem cell niches in adult humans

B2.3.4 Differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells

B2.3.5 Cell size as an aspect of specialization

B2.3.6 Surface area-to-volume ratios and constraints on cell size

B2.3.7 Adaptations to increase surface area-to-volume ratios of cells (HL)

B2.3.8 Adaptations of type I and type II pneumocytes in alveoli (HL)

B2.3.9 Adaptations of cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres (HL)

B2.3.10 Adaptations of sperm and egg cells (HL)

B3.1.1 Gas exchange as a vital function in all organisms

B3.1.2 Properties of gas-exchange surfaces

B3.1.3 Maintenance of concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals

B3.1.4 Adaptations of mammalian lungs for gas exchange

B3.1.5 Ventilation of the lungs

B3.1.6 Measurement of lung volumes

B3.1.7 Adaptations for gas exchange in leaves

B3.1.8 Distribution of tissues in a leaf

B3.1.9 Transpiration as a consequence of gas exchange in a leaf

B3.1.10 Stomatal density

B3.1.11 Adaptations of foetal and adult haemoglobin for the transport of oxygen (HL)

B3.1.12 Bohr shift (HL)

B3.1.13 Oxygen dissociation curves (HL)

B3.2.1 Adaptations of capillaries for exchange of materials

B3.2.2 Structure of arteries and veins

B3.2.3 Adaptations of arteries for the transport of blood away from the heart

B3.2.4 Measurement of pulse rates

B3.2.5 Adaptations of veins for the return of blood to the heart

B3.2.6 Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries

B3.2.7 Transport of water from roots to leaves during transpiration

B3.2.8 Adaptations of xylem vessels for transport of water

B3.2.9 Distribution of tissues in a transverse section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant

B3.2.10 Distribution of tissues in a transverse section of the root of a dicotyledonous plant

B3.2.11 Release and reuptake of tissue fluid in capillaries (HL)

B3.2.12 Exchange of substances between tissue fluid and cells in tissues (HL)

B3.2.13 Drainage of excess tissue fluid into lymph ducts (HL)

B3.2.14 Differences between circulation of bony fish and of mammals (HL)

B3.2.15 Adaptations of the mammalian heart for delivering pressurized blood to the arteries (HL)

B3.2.16 Stages in the cardiac cycle (HL)

B3.2.17 Generation of root pressure in xylem vessels by active transport of mineral ions (HL)

B3.2.18 Adaptations of phloem sieve tubes and companion cells for translocation of sap (HL)

B3.3.1 Adaptations for movement as a universal feature of living organisms

B3.3.2 Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

B3.3.3 Role of the protein titin and antagonistic muscles in muscle relaxation

B3.3.4 Structure and function of motor units in skeletal muscle

B3.3.5 Roles of skeletons as anchorage for muscles and as levers

B3.3.6 Movement at a synovial joint

B3.3.7 Range of motion of a joint

B3.3.8 Internal and external intercostal muscles

B3.3.9 Reasons for locomotion

B3.3.10 Adaptations for swimming in marine mammals

B4.1.1 Habitat as the place in which a community, species, population or organism lives

B4.1.2 Adaptations of organisms to the abiotic environment of their habitat

B4.1.3 Abiotic variables affecting species distribution

B4.1.4 Range of tolerance of a limiting factor

B4.1.5 Conditions required for coral reef formation

B4.1.6 Abiotic factors as the determinants of terrestrial biome distribution

B4.1.7 Biomes as groups of ecosystems with similar communities

B4.1.8 Adaptations to life in hot deserts and tropical rainforest

B4.2.1 Ecological niche as the role of a species in an ecosystem

B4.2.2 Organisms that are obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes

B4.2.3 Photosynthesis as the mode of nutrition

B4.2.4 Holozoic nutrition in animals

B4.2.5 Mixotrophic nutrition in some protists

B4.2.6 Saprotrophic nutrition in some fungi and bacteria

B4.2.7 Diversity of nutrition in archaea

B4.2.8 Dentition and the diet of omnivorous and herbivorous members of the family Hominidae

B4.2.9 Adaptations of herbivores for feeding on plants and of plants for resisting herbivory

B4.2.10 Adaptations of predators

B4.2.11 Adaptations of plant form for harvesting light

B4.2.12 Fundamental and realized niches

B4.2.13 Competitive exclusion and the uniqueness of ecological niches