B1.1.1 Chemical properties of a carbon atom

16 flashcards

B1.1.2 Production of macromolecules by condensation reactions

22 flashcards

B1.1.3 Digestion of polymers into monomers by hydrolysis reactions

12 flashcards

B1.1.4 Form and function of monosaccharides

22 flashcards

B1.1.5 Polysaccharides as energy storage compounds

14 flashcards

B1.1.6 Structure of cellulose

13 flashcards

B1.1.7 Role of glycoproteins in cell–cell recognition

13 flashcards

B1.1.8 Hydrophobic properties of lipids

12 flashcards

B1.1.9 Formation of triglycerides and phospholipids by condensation reactions

19 flashcards

B1.1.10 Difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids

17 flashcards

B1.1.11 Triglycerides in adipose tissues for energy storage and thermal insulation

15 flashcards

B1.1.12 Formation of phospholipid bilayers

11 flashcards

B1.1.13 Ability of non-polar steroids to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

17 flashcards

B1.2.1 Generalized structure of an amino acid

17 flashcards

B1.2.2 Condensation reactions forming dipeptides and longer chains of amino acids

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B1.2.3 Dietary requirements for amino acids

12 flashcards

B1.2.4 Infinite variety of possible peptide chains

15 flashcards

B1.2.5 Effect of pH and temperature on protein structure

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B1.2.6 Chemical diversity in the R-groups of amino acids (HL)

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B1.2.7 Impact of primary structure on the conformation of proteins (HL)

18 flashcards

B1.2.8 Pleating and coiling of secondary structure of proteins (HL)

14 flashcards

B1.2.9 Dependence of tertiary structure on functional groups (HL)

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B1.2.10 Effect of polar and non-polar amino acids on tertiary structure of proteins (HL)

15 flashcards

B1.2.11 Quaternary structure of non-conjugated and conjugated proteins (HL)

15 flashcards

B1.2.12 Relationship of form and function in globular and fibrous proteins (HL)

16 flashcards

B2.1.1 Lipid bilayers as the basis of cell membranes

13 flashcards

B2.1.2 Lipid bilayers as barriers

18 flashcards

B2.1.3 Simple diffusion across membranes

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B2.1.4 Integral and peripheral proteins in membranes

15 flashcards

B2.1.5 Movement of water molecules across membranes by osmosis and the role of aquaporins

17 flashcards

B2.1.6 Channel proteins for facilitated diffusion

11 flashcards

B2.1.7 Pump proteins for active transport

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B2.1.8 Selectivity in membrane permeability

12 flashcards

B2.1.9 Structure and function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

10 flashcards

B2.1.10 Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

23 flashcards

B2.1.11 Relationships between fatty acid composition of lipid bilayers and their fluidity (HL)

12 flashcards

B2.1.12 Cholesterol and membrane fluidity in animal cells (HL)

19 flashcards

B2.1.13 Membrane fluidity and the fusion and formation of vesicles (HL)

14 flashcards

B2.1.14 Gated ion channels in neurons (HL)

11 flashcards

B2.1.15 Sodium–potassium pumps as an example of exchange transporters (HL)

17 flashcards

B2.1.16 Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters as an example of indirect active transport (HL)

11 flashcards

B2.1.17 Adhesion of cells to form tissues (HL)

14 flashcards

B2.2.1 Organelles as discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions

18 flashcards

B2.2.2 Advantage of the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm into separate compartments

13 flashcards

B2.2.3 Advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

18 flashcards

B2.2.4 Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic cell respiration (HL)

14 flashcards

B2.2.5 Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis (HL)

21 flashcards

B2.2.6 Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus (HL)

13 flashcards

B2.2.7 Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (HL)

17 flashcards

B2.2.8 Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus (HL)

18 flashcards

B2.2.9 Structure and function of vesicles in cells (HL)

24 flashcards

B2.3.1 Production of unspecialized cells following fertilization and their development

13 flashcards

B2.3.2 Properties of stem cells

15 flashcards

B2.3.3 Location and function of stem cell niches in adult humans

12 flashcards

B2.3.4 Differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells

21 flashcards

B2.3.5 Cell size as an aspect of specialization

19 flashcards

B2.3.6 Surface area-to-volume ratios and constraints on cell size

16 flashcards

B2.3.7 Adaptations to increase surface area-to-volume ratios of cells (HL)

17 flashcards

B2.3.8 Adaptations of type I and type II pneumocytes in alveoli (HL)

20 flashcards

B2.3.9 Adaptations of cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres (HL)

17 flashcards

B2.3.10 Adaptations of sperm and egg cells (HL)

12 flashcards

B3.1.1 Gas exchange as a vital function in all organisms

22 flashcards

B3.1.2 Properties of gas-exchange surfaces

19 flashcards

B3.1.3 Maintenance of concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals

12 flashcards

B3.1.4 Adaptations of mammalian lungs for gas exchange

25 flashcards

B3.1.5 Ventilation of the lungs

14 flashcards

B3.1.6 Measurement of lung volumes

13 flashcards

B3.1.7 Adaptations for gas exchange in leaves

20 flashcards

B3.1.8 Distribution of tissues in a leaf

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B3.1.9 Transpiration as a consequence of gas exchange in a leaf

13 flashcards

B3.1.10 Stomatal density

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B3.1.11 Adaptations of foetal and adult haemoglobin for the transport of oxygen (HL)

11 flashcards

B3.1.12 Bohr shift (HL)

15 flashcards

B3.1.13 Oxygen dissociation curves (HL)

18 flashcards

B3.2.1 Adaptations of capillaries for exchange of materials

21 flashcards

B3.2.2 Structure of arteries and veins

16 flashcards

B3.2.3 Adaptations of arteries for the transport of blood away from the heart

12 flashcards

B3.2.4 Measurement of pulse rates

13 flashcards

B3.2.5 Adaptations of veins for the return of blood to the heart

13 flashcards

B3.2.6 Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries

14 flashcards

B3.2.7 Transport of water from roots to leaves during transpiration

23 flashcards

B3.2.8 Adaptations of xylem vessels for transport of water

11 flashcards

B3.2.9 Distribution of tissues in a transverse section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant

12 flashcards

B3.2.10 Distribution of tissues in a transverse section of the root of a dicotyledonous plant

12 flashcards

B3.2.11 Release and reuptake of tissue fluid in capillaries (HL)

11 flashcards

B3.2.12 Exchange of substances between tissue fluid and cells in tissues (HL)

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B3.2.13 Drainage of excess tissue fluid into lymph ducts (HL)

14 flashcards

B3.2.14 Differences between circulation of bony fish and of mammals (HL)

18 flashcards

B3.2.15 Adaptations of the mammalian heart for delivering pressurized blood to the arteries (HL)

18 flashcards

B3.2.16 Stages in the cardiac cycle (HL)

24 flashcards

B3.2.17 Generation of root pressure in xylem vessels by active transport of mineral ions (HL)

12 flashcards

B3.2.18 Adaptations of phloem sieve tubes and companion cells for translocation of sap (HL)

18 flashcards

B3.3.1 Adaptations for movement as a universal feature of living organisms

13 flashcards

B3.3.2 Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

18 flashcards

B3.3.3 Role of the protein titin and antagonistic muscles in muscle relaxation

22 flashcards

B3.3.4 Structure and function of motor units in skeletal muscle

19 flashcards

B3.3.5 Roles of skeletons as anchorage for muscles and as levers

16 flashcards

B3.3.6 Movement at a synovial joint

21 flashcards

B3.3.7 Range of motion of a joint

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B3.3.8 Internal and external intercostal muscles

18 flashcards

B3.3.9 Reasons for locomotion

10 flashcards

B3.3.10 Adaptations for swimming in marine mammals

12 flashcards

B4.1.1 Habitat as the place in which a community, species, population or organism lives

18 flashcards

B4.1.2 Adaptations of organisms to the abiotic environment of their habitat

15 flashcards

B4.1.3 Abiotic variables affecting species distribution

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B4.1.4 Range of tolerance of a limiting factor

14 flashcards

B4.1.5 Conditions required for coral reef formation

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B4.1.6 Abiotic factors as the determinants of terrestrial biome distribution

17 flashcards

B4.1.7 Biomes as groups of ecosystems with similar communities

21 flashcards

B4.1.8 Adaptations to life in hot deserts and tropical rainforest

15 flashcards

B4.2.1 Ecological niche as the role of a species in an ecosystem

11 flashcards

B4.2.2 Organisms that are obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate aerobes

14 flashcards

B4.2.3 Photosynthesis as the mode of nutrition

13 flashcards

B4.2.4 Holozoic nutrition in animals

14 flashcards

B4.2.5 Mixotrophic nutrition in some protists

11 flashcards

B4.2.6 Saprotrophic nutrition in some fungi and bacteria

11 flashcards

B4.2.7 Diversity of nutrition in archaea

13 flashcards

B4.2.8 Dentition and the diet of omnivorous and herbivorous members of the family Hominidae

12 flashcards

B4.2.9 Adaptations of herbivores for feeding on plants and of plants for resisting herbivory

13 flashcards

B4.2.10 Adaptations of predators

14 flashcards

B4.2.11 Adaptations of plant form for harvesting light

16 flashcards

B4.2.12 Fundamental and realized niches

18 flashcards

B4.2.13 Competitive exclusion and the uniqueness of ecological niches

13 flashcards