D1.2 Protein synthesis

D1.2.1 Transcription as the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

D1.2.2 Role of hydrogen bonding and complementary base pairing in transcription

D1.2.3 Stability of DNA templates

D1.2.4 Transcription as a process required for the expression of genes

D1.2.5 Translation as the synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA

D1.2.6 Roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation

D1.2.7 Complementary base pairing between tRNA and mRNA

D1.2.8 Features of the genetic code

D1.2.9 Using the genetic code expressed as a table of mRNA codons

D1.2.10 Stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA

D1.2.11 Mutations that change protein structure

D1.2.12 Directionality of transcription and translation (HL)

D1.2.13 Initiation of transcription at the promoter (HL)

D1.2.14 Non-coding sequences in DNA do not code for polypeptides (HL)

D1.2.15 Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic cells (HL)

D1.2.16 Alternative splicing of exons to produce variants of a protein from a single gene (HL)

D1.2.17 Initiation of translation (HL)

D1.2.18 Modification of polypeptides into their functional state (HL)

D1.2.19 Recycling of amino acids by proteasomes (HL)