D4.3 Climate change

D4.3.1 Anthropogenic causes of climate change

D4.3.2 Positive feedback cycles in global warming

D4.3.3 Change from net carbon accumulation to net loss in boreal forests

D4.3.4 Melting of landfast ice and sea ice as examples of polar habitat change

D4.3.5 Changes in ocean currents altering the timing and extent of nutrient upwelling

D4.3.6 Poleward and upslope range shifts of temperate species

D4.3.7 Threats to coral reefs as an example of potential ecosystem collapse

D4.3.8 Afforestation, forest regeneration and restoration of peat-forming wetlands

D4.3.9 Phenology as research into the timing of biological events (HL)

D4.3.10 Disruption to the synchrony of phenological events by climate change (HL)

D4.3.11 Increases to the number of insect life cycles within a year due to climate change (HL)

D4.3.12 Evolution as a consequence of climate change (HL)