1. Being human
2. Aesthetics
3. Epistemology
4. Ethics
5. Philosophy of religion
6. Philosophy of science
7. Political philosophy
8. Social philosophy
9. HL extension: Philosophy and contemporary issues
10. Prescribed philosophical texts
10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer
10.2 The Analects – Confucius
10.3 Meditations on First Philosophy – René Descartes
10.4 Black Skin, White Masks – Frantz Fanon
10.5 On the Genealogy of Morality – Friedrich Nietzsche
10.6 Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach – Martha C. Nussbaum
10.7 The Revolt of the Masses – José Ortega y Gasset
10.8 The Republic, Books IV–IX – Plato
10.9 The Ethics of Authenticity – Charles Taylor
10.10 Tao Te Ching – Lao Tzu
10.11 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir
10.12 On Liberty – John Stuart Mill
Browse syllabus-aligned notes for 10.1 Language, Truth and Logic – Alfred Jules Ayer. Open each subtopic for focused explanations, examples, and summaries.
10.1.1 Logical Positivism and the Verification Principle
38 minute read
10.1.2 Implications for Philosophy and Metaphysics
41 minute read
10.1.3 The Nature of Ethical and Aesthetic Judgments
50 minute read
10.1.4 Theory of Knowledge and Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
54 minute read
10.1.5 Ayer's View of the Self
43 minute read
10.1.6 Criticisms and Limitations
56 minute read
10.1.7 Connections to the Core Theme and Optional Themes