| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | How does Galtung's concept of structural violence explain the ongoing unrest in post-apartheid South Africa despite the absence of civil war? |

Negative peace was achieved through the formal end of apartheid and direct conflict.
Structural violence persists through extreme wealth inequality and spatial segregation, preventing positive peace.

| | Contrast how a realist and a critical peace scholar (such as Oliver Richmond) would evaluate the UN's liberal peacebuilding mission in Timor-Leste. |

Realist: Evaluates success based on whether the state established a monopoly on violence and secured its borders.
Critical scholar: Criticizes the mission as a top-down liberal imposition that ignored local customary justice and created dependency.

| | How do conflict resolution and John Paul Lederach's conflict transformation differ in their goals for a peace process? |

Conflict resolution: Focuses on ending active hostility and reaching a formal agreement or ceasefire.
Conflict transformation: Focuses on rebuilding damaged relationships, structures, and cultural patterns that generate violence.

| | How does Mary Kaldor's concept of "New Wars" apply to the Syrian Civil War? |

Identity-based: Fought over sectarian identity (Alawite vs. Sunni) rather than ideology.
Decentralized and globalized: Fought by non-state militias funded by globalized illicit networks and foreign proxies, with high civilian casualties.

| | Why did premature democratic elections in Angola (1992) lead to a reignition of civil war, according to Roland Paris's critique of liberal peacebuilding? | The elections were held before building the necessary institutional foundations (like rule of law and demobilization), turning the peace process into a winner-take-all struggle. | | How does the concept of hybrid peace explain the post-conflict governance of Bougainville (Papua New Guinea)? | It represents a blend of local indigenous practices (traditional reconciliation and clan structures) and international liberal norms (formal referendums and UN monitoring). | | How would a feminist peace scholar like Betty Reardon explain high rates of domestic violence in post-conflict societies? | She argues that patriarchy and militarism are structurally linked; militarized societies normalize gendered domination, which persists in the private sphere after public conflict ends. | | How does the 2017 Rohingya crisis in Myanmar demonstrate the 21st-century challenge of digital authoritarianism to peace? | Social media platforms (specifically Facebook) were weaponized by state and non-state actors to spread algorithmic hate speech and disinformation, directly inciting ethnic violence. | | How does the Russia-Ukraine war (2014-present) illustrate the concept of hybrid warfare? | It combines conventional military force with cyber attacks, disinformation campaigns, and proxy forces, blurring the line between war and peace. | | Why is the global displacement crisis (e.g., 110+ million displaced by 2023) now treated as a core concern of peace studies rather than just a byproduct? | Because displacement is both a result of conflict and a structural driver of future instability, resource competition, and human insecurity in host regions. | | How does climate change act as a "threat multiplier" in the Sahel region of Africa? | Extreme weather and desertification cause resource scarcity (water and pasture), which triggers communal violence between pastoralists and farmers, destabilizing weak states. | | Why do critics argue that the Global Peace Index (GPI) exhibits a Western liberal bias? | It measures peace using indicators that favor stable, wealthy democracies with low military spending, potentially undervaluing communal peace or social cohesion in non-Western societies. | | The Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) in 1959 and established the concept of structural violence in 1969. | The Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) in 1959 and established the concept of structural violence in 1969. | | To measure peace beyond the absence of war, the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) produces the Global Peace Index (launched in 2007), while the oldest data on armaments is tracked by SIPRI (founded in 1966). | To measure peace beyond the absence of war, the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) produces the Global Peace Index (launched in 2007), while the oldest data on armaments is tracked by SIPRI (founded in 1966). | | The shift from state-centric security to individual-centric security was formalized by the human security paradigm in the 1994 UNDP Human Development Report. | The shift from state-centric security to individual-centric security was formalized by the human security paradigm in the 1994 UNDP Human Development Report. | | Early quantitative peace research was pioneered in the 1920s by British physicist Lewis Fry Richardson, who analyzed arms races using mathematical models. | Early quantitative peace research was pioneered in the 1920s by British physicist Lewis Fry Richardson, who analyzed arms races using mathematical models. | | In Galtung's violence triangle, cultural violence refers to the beliefs, ideologies, or norms that are used to legitimize or justify direct and structural violence. | In Galtung's violence triangle, cultural violence refers to the beliefs, ideologies, or norms that are used to legitimize or justify direct and structural violence. | | The concept of stable peace, defined as a condition where war between specific states becomes unthinkable, was developed by American economist Kenneth Boulding, who co-founded the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 1957. | The concept of stable peace, defined as a condition where war between specific states becomes unthinkable, was developed by American economist Kenneth Boulding, who co-founded the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 1957. | |

How did the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) shown in this context fundamentally shift the legal framework of peace studies?

| They established that individual human rights supersede state sovereignty, making states legally accountable for violence against their own populations. | |

| 1. Conflict Management | |

| 2. Conflict Resolution | |

| 3. Peacebuilding Institution | |

| USAF | |

| SALT Treaties | |

| 1. Conflict management |

Core: Understanding power and global politics6 subtopics

Rights and Justice4 subtopics

Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Peace and Conflict4 subtopics

IB Global Politics Evolution of Peace and Conflict Studies Flashcards

Core: Understanding power and global politics6 subtopics

Rights and Justice4 subtopics

Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Peace and Conflict4 subtopics

Flashcards for Evolution of peace and conflict studies

Flashcards for Evolution of peace and conflict studies - IB