| Front | Back | | --- | --- | | How would a realist and a cosmopolitan explain Angela Merkel's 2015 decision to open Germany's borders to Syrian refugees differently? |

Realist: A failure of national interest that compromised state sovereignty and security, triggering domestic backlash.
Cosmopolitan: A moral obligation to protect universal human rights, prioritizing global humanitarian duties over state borders.

| | How did Angela Merkel's unilateral decision during the 2015 refugee crisis affect her domestic vs. global legitimacy? |

Domestic: Lost political capital and fueled the rise of the right-wing populist AfD.
Global: Gained high moral authority and praise as a humanitarian leader.

| | In September 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel bypassed normal asylum procedures by suspending the Dublin Regulation to admit over 1 million refugees, showcasing a shift to values-based crisis leadership. | In September 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel bypassed normal asylum procedures by suspending the Dublin Regulation to admit over 1 million refugees, showcasing a shift to values-based crisis leadership. | | Contrast the core mechanisms of transformational and transactional leadership using Nelson Mandela and Richard Nixon as examples. |

Transformational (Mandela): Inspires systemic change and collective action through a shared moral vision.
Transactional (Nixon): Relies on structured tasks, pragmatic deals, and systems of mutual reward/punishment.

| | How does Vladimir Putin's leadership in Russia illustrate authoritarian leadership in terms of decision-making? | He centralizes decision-making power within the executive, marginalizes political opposition, and exerts tight control over state media and institutions. | | How did Angela Merkel's handling of the Eurozone debt crisis reflect a democratic leadership style? | She emphasized consensus-building, pragmatic negotiation, and collaboration among diverse EU member states rather than imposing unilateral demands. | | How do realists and constructivists differ on what primarily drives a political leader's foreign policy? |

Realist: The rational pursuit of national interest, security, and material power in an anarchic system.
Constructivist: Shared social norms, identities, and collective beliefs about what behavior is legitimate.

| | How do liberals and realists differ regarding the constraints on a political leader's international power? |

Liberals: Leaders are constrained by international institutions, treaties, and domestic democratic checks.
Realists: Leaders are constrained primarily by the material power and military capabilities of rival states.

| | The Constructivist approach to political leadership argues that leaders are not just rational power-seekers, but are deeply shaped by and actively shape social norms and identities. | The Constructivist approach to political leadership argues that leaders are not just rational power-seekers, but are deeply shaped by and actively shape social norms and identities. | | How does the rise of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) after 2015 illustrate the domestic constraints on values-based leadership? | It shows how populist backlash and domestic political polarization can punish leaders who prioritize global humanitarian obligations over national interests. | | How did the refusal of Hungary and Poland to accept EU refugee quotas during the 2015 crisis illustrate the tension between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism? |

Communitarianism (Hungary/Poland): Prioritized national sovereignty, local culture, and security.
Cosmopolitanism (Germany): Argued for a universal duty to assist refugees regardless of nationality.

| | While democratic leaders derive their political legitimacy from elections, authoritarian leaders often maintain power by centralizing authority and restricting political opposition. | While democratic leaders derive their political legitimacy from elections, authoritarian leaders often maintain power by centralizing authority and restricting political opposition. | | How does Vladimir Lenin's revolutionary leadership style differ from democratic leadership regarding political institutions? | Lenin sought to overthrow and dismantle existing state structures by force, whereas democratic leaders operate within established institutional frameworks and constitutional limits. | |

Based on the provided graphic, how would a liberal theorist critique the realist view of political leadership?

| Liberals argue that realists ignore how international institutions, rules, and cooperation shape and constrain a leader's choices, rather than just raw national interest. | |

How did Nelson Mandela's transformational leadership style help prevent a racial civil war during South Africa's transition from apartheid?

| He focused on inspiring systemic change and reconciliation, using a shared vision of a "Rainbow Nation" to unite former adversaries rather than seeking retribution. | | Despite initial domestic backlash, Germany successfully integrated many refugees from the 2015 crisis, with over 50% employed by 2022. | Despite initial domestic backlash, Germany successfully integrated many refugees from the 2015 crisis, with over 50% employed by 2022. | | The tension between a leader's duty to their own citizens versus global humanitarian duties is framed in Global Politics as the debate between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism. | The tension between a leader's duty to their own citizens versus global humanitarian duties is framed in Global Politics as the debate between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism. | | Why might a leader's use of executive authority to bypass rules during a crisis (such as Merkel in 2015) undermine procedural legitimacy? | It bypasses parliamentary consultation and established legal frameworks, leading to accusations of unilateral, non-democratic decision-making. | |

| Decision Making | |

| Vision and Direction | |

| Role of Political Leaders | |

| Representation | |

| Crisis Management |

Core: Understanding power and global politics6 subtopics

Rights and Justice4 subtopics

Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Peace and Conflict4 subtopics

IB Global Politics Political Leadership Flashcards

Flashcards for Political leadership

Flashcards for Political leadership - IB

Core: Understanding power and global politics6 subtopics

Rights and Justice4 subtopics

Development and Sustainability4 subtopics

Peace and Conflict4 subtopics