IB Environmental systems and societies Topic 8: Human Populations and Urban Systems Questionbank

Table 1: Selected demographic data for Country X and Country Y.

Table 1 displays demographic indicators for three hypothetical nations (Country X, Country Y, and Country Z) collected during a single census year. These metrics are used to evaluate a nation's position within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

Table 1: Demographic data for three nations

(a) Using the data provided in Table 1, calculate the natural increase rate (NIR) for Country X.

(b) Using the data provided in Table 1, calculate the total dependency ratio for Country Y.

(c) State the term used to describe the general shape of a population pyramid for a country with the demographic profile of Country X.

(d) Outline two reasons why Country Y has a higher crude death rate (CDR) than Country X, despite likely having a more advanced healthcare system.

(a) Outline the reasons why natural capital has a dynamic nature.

(b) Explain how the inequitable distribution of natural resources can lead to conflict.

(c) The management of a resource can impact the production of solid domestic waste.

To what extent have the three levels of the pollution management model been successfully applied to the management of solid domestic waste?

(a) Calculate the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) for Country X based on the data provided in Table 1.

(b) Identify which stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) most likely represents Country Y and Country Z.

(c) Explain the relationship between increasing levels of female education and the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) observed in nations like Country Y.

(d) Describe two socio-economic challenges that Country Z might face due to its current demographic trends.

(a) Using named examples, outline the difference between natural and anthropogenic atmospheric primary pollutants.

(b) Discuss reasons for high human population density within urban systems.

(c) Evaluate a range of pollution management strategies that can be used to reduce urban air pollution.