IB Environmental systems and societies 8.1 Human Populations Questionbank

Table 1: Selected demographic data for Country X and Country Y.

Table 1 displays demographic indicators for three hypothetical nations (Country X, Country Y, and Country Z) collected during a single census year. These metrics are used to evaluate a nation's position within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).

Table 1: Demographic data for three nations

Table 1: Percentage of population by age group for a nation in 1975 and 2025 (projected)

(a) Using the data provided in Table 1, calculate the natural increase rate (NIR) for Country X.

(b) Using the data provided in Table 1, calculate the total dependency ratio for Country Y.

(c) State the term used to describe the general shape of a population pyramid for a country with the demographic profile of Country X.

(d) Outline two reasons why Country Y has a higher crude death rate (CDR) than Country X, despite likely having a more advanced healthcare system.

(a) Calculate the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) for Country X based on the data provided in Table 1.

(b) Identify which stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) most likely represents Country Y and Country Z.

(c) Explain the relationship between increasing levels of female education and the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) observed in nations like Country Y.

(d) Describe two socio-economic challenges that Country Z might face due to its current demographic trends.

(a) Using named examples, outline the difference between natural and anthropogenic atmospheric primary pollutants.

(b) Discuss reasons for high human population density within urban systems.

(c) Evaluate a range of pollution management strategies that can be used to reduce urban air pollution.

Using the data in Table 1, explain three socio-economic challenges that this nation may face as its population structure shifts from that of 1975 to that projected for 2025.