Practice R3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions with authentic IB Chemistry exam questions for both SL and HL students. This question bank mirrors Paper 1A, 1B, 2 structure, covering key topics like atomic structure, chemical reactions, and organic chemistry. Get instant solutions, detailed explanations, and build exam confidence with questions in the style of IB examiners.
The identity of the leaving group affects substitution reaction rates.
Define what is meant by a leaving group.
Compare the rate of substitution for and with the same nucleophile.
Explain your answer to part 2 with reference to bond strength.
Halogenoalkanes can undergo substitution with different nucleophiles.
Write the equation for the reaction between and .
Identify the organic product.
State the role of in this reaction.
Explain why is considered a strong nucleophile.
Heterolytic fission and electron pair movement are key in substitution reactions.
Define heterolytic fission and explain how it differs from homolytic fission.
Write an equation for the heterolytic fission of .
In the reaction , draw the curly arrows to show attack by the nucleophile and departure of the leaving group.
Substitution mechanisms depend on molecular structure and carbocation stability.
Compare the mechanisms of and reactions with reference to the number of steps involved.
For the reaction of with , identify the likely mechanism and explain your choice.
Outline the full mechanism for the reaction you chose, using curly arrows.
Leaving groups affect the reactivity of halogenoalkanes.
Define a leaving group.
Identify the leaving group in .
Name another halide that could act as a leaving group.
A student investigates the nucleophilic substitution of bromoethane () with aqueous hydroxide. The reaction is used in organic synthesis to form alcohols.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between bromoethane and aqueous hydroxide, including state symbols.
Using curly arrow notation, draw the reaction mechanism for the substitution reaction of with .
Calculate the theoretical mass of ethanol produced from 3.00 g of bromoethane, assuming 100% yield.
State the type of reaction mechanism and explain your answer based on the structure of bromoethane.
Both charged and neutral nucleophiles can participate in substitution.
Write the equation for the reaction of with .
Identify the nucleophile and leaving group.
Explain how behaves as a nucleophile.
Nucleophiles are key participants in substitution reactions.
Define a nucleophile.
Identify whether is a nucleophile or electrophile.
State why can act as an identified type of species in part 2.
Electrophiles are species that accept electron pairs.
Define the term electrophile.
Identify the electrophile in the following reaction:
Explain why acts as an electrophile.
A synthetic chemist reacts chloroethane () with excess ammonia () in a sealed tube to produce a primary amine used in pharmaceutical intermediates.
Write the balanced equation for the reaction between chloroethane and excess ammonia.
Identify the organic and inorganic products formed in this reaction.
Describe the role of ammonia as a nucleophile, including a description of the electron movement and the type of bond formed.