IB Psychology Topic 1.2.2 Establishing Cause-effect Relationships Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Psychology Topic 1.2.2 Establishing Cause-effect Relationships Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships

Definition

Cause-Effect Relationships

A relationship in which a change in the independent variable directly produces a change in the dependent variable.

The Role of Experiments in Establishing Causality

Experiments are the gold standard for establishing causality because they allow researchers to manipulate one variable while controlling others.
This manipulation helps determine if changes in the independent variable lead to changes in the dependent variable.

Example

A classic example is Newcomer et al. (1999), which investigated the effects of cortisol on memory.

This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between cortisol levels and memory performance.

Key Features of Experiments

Manipulation of Variables

Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured to see if it is affected by the IV.

Example

In Newcomer et al. (1999), the IV was the level of cortisol administered, and the DV was memory performance.

Randomization

Random Assignment: Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions to ensure that groups are equivalent at the start of the experiment.

Example

In Newcomer et al. (1999), participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions:

High cortisol group: Received 160 mg of cortisol per day.
Low cortisol group: Received 40 mg of cortisol per day.
Control group: Received a placebo.

Control Groups

Control Group: A group that does not receive the experimental treatment, used as a baseline to compare the effects of the IV.

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Note

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships

Definition

Cause-Effect Relationships

A relationship in which a change in the independent variable directly produces a change in the dependent variable.

The Role of Experiments in Establishing Causality

Experiments are the gold standard for establishing causality because they allow researchers to manipulate one variable while controlling others.
This manipulation helps determine if changes in the independent variable lead to changes in the dependent variable.

Example

A classic example is Newcomer et al. (1999), which investigated the effects of cortisol on memory.

This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between cortisol levels and memory performance.

Key Features of Experiments

Manipulation of Variables

Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured to see if it is affected by the IV.

Example

In Newcomer et al. (1999), the IV was the level of cortisol administered, and the DV was memory performance.

Randomization

Random Assignment: Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions to ensure that groups are equivalent at the start of the experiment.

Example

In Newcomer et al. (1999), participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions:

High cortisol group: Received 160 mg of cortisol per day.
Low cortisol group: Received 40 mg of cortisol per day.
Control group: Received a placebo.

Control Groups

Control Group: A group that does not receive the experimental treatment, used as a baseline to compare the effects of the IV.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

1. Concepts6 subtopics

2. Content4 subtopics

3. Contexts4 subtopics

4. Extensions (HL only)4 subtopics

IB Psychology 1.2.2 Establishing Cause-effect Relationships Notes

1. Concepts6 subtopics

2. Content4 subtopics

3. Contexts4 subtopics

4. Extensions (HL only)4 subtopics

Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships

The Role of Experiments in Establishing Causality

Key Features of Experiments

Manipulation of Variables

Randomization

Control Groups

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships

The Role of Experiments in Establishing Causality

Key Features of Experiments

Manipulation of Variables

Randomization

Control Groups

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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