IB Geography Topic D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical…

Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Mount St. Helens is located in Washington State, USA, part of the Cascade Range.
The eruption on May 18, 1980, was one of the most destructive in US history, leading to 57 deaths.
After the eruption, the summit of Mount St. Helens was gone, forests were obliterated and rivers followed new courses. More than 150 new lakes and ponds were formed, and existing lakes filled with sediment, flooding their banks.

Note

Example

The eruption deposited nutrient-rich ash, which improved soil fertility in the long term, benefiting agriculture.

Vulnerability and Resilience

Low Vulnerability:

Advanced monitoring and evacuation plans saved lives.
Strong governance and infrastructure facilitated recovery.

Challenges:

The scale of the eruption was underestimated, highlighting gaps in preparedness.

Theory of Knowledge

How does access to technology and governance influence a society's ability to respond to natural hazards?

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Mount Merapi is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, located on the densely populated island of Java.
The eruption in October 2010 was part of a series of eruptions that year.
Over 350,000 people were evacuated from the affected area and 353 people died.

Example

The fertile soils around Mount Merapi support intensive farming, making relocation difficult for many residents.

Vulnerability and Resilience

High Vulnerability:

Limited early warning systems and evacuation plans.
Poverty and dense population increased risk.

Recovery Efforts:

International aid provided temporary shelters and food.
Long-term recovery was slow due to economic constraints.

Active recall

What factors contributed to the higher death toll in Mount Merapi compared to Mount St. Helens?

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

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Definition

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Note

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Tip

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Mount St. Helens is located in Washington State, USA, part of the Cascade Range.
The eruption on May 18, 1980, was one of the most destructive in US history, leading to 57 deaths.
After the eruption, the summit of Mount St. Helens was gone, forests were obliterated and rivers followed new courses. More than 150 new lakes and ponds were formed, and existing lakes filled with sediment, flooding their banks.

Note

Example

The eruption deposited nutrient-rich ash, which improved soil fertility in the long term, benefiting agriculture.

Vulnerability and Resilience

Low Vulnerability:

Advanced monitoring and evacuation plans saved lives.
Strong governance and infrastructure facilitated recovery.

Challenges:

The scale of the eruption was underestimated, highlighting gaps in preparedness.

Theory of Knowledge

How does access to technology and governance influence a society's ability to respond to natural hazards?

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Mount Merapi is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, located on the densely populated island of Java.
The eruption in October 2010 was part of a series of eruptions that year.
Over 350,000 people were evacuated from the affected area and 353 people died.

Example

The fertile soils around Mount Merapi support intensive farming, making relocation difficult for many residents.

Vulnerability and Resilience

High Vulnerability:

Limited early warning systems and evacuation plans.
Poverty and dense population increased risk.

Recovery Efforts:

International aid provided temporary shelters and food.
Long-term recovery was slow due to economic constraints.

Active recall

What factors contributed to the higher death toll in Mount Merapi compared to Mount St. Helens?

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

IB Geography D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards Notes

IB Geography D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards Notes

Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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IB Geography D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Volcanic Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Mount St. Helens, USA (1980)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Case study from LEDC: Mount Merapi, Indonesia (2010)

Location and Context

Vulnerability and Resilience

Earthquake Hazards

Case Study from MEDC: Tōhoku, Japan (2011)

Location and Context

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account