IB Geography G.4 Building Sustainable Urban Systems for the Future Flashcards

1.1.1 Physical and Human Factors Affecting Population Distribution

1.1.2 Global Patterns and Classification of Economic Development

1.1.3 Population Distribution and Development at the National Scale

1.2.1 Population Change and Demographic Transition Over Time

1.2.2 Consequences of Megacity Growth

1.2.3 Causes and Consequences of Forced Migration

1.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

1.3.1 Trends in Family Size, Sex Ratios and Ageing

1.3.2 Policies Associated with Managing Population Change

1.3.3 The Demographic Dividend and Population as a Resource

1.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

2.1.1 The Atmospheric System and Energy Balance

2.1.2 Changes in the Global Energy Balance and Feedback Loops

2.1.3 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Variations in Emissions

2.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

2.2.1 Climate Change and the Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere

2.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on People and Places

2.2.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

2.3.1 Disparities in Exposure to Climate Risk and Vulnerability

2.3.2 Government-Led Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

2.3.3 Civil Society and Corporate Strategies

2.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

3.1.1 Poverty Reduction and the New Global Middle Class

3.1.2 Measuring Trends in Resource Consumption

3.1.3 Global Patterns in Resource Availability and Consumption

3.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

3.2.1 The Water-Food-Energy Nexus

3.2.2 Implications of Global Climate Change for the Nexus

3.2.3 The Disposal and Recycling of Consumer Items

3.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

3.3.1 Divergent Thinking About Population and Resources

3.3.2 Resource Stewardship Strategies

3.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

4.1.1 Globalization Indices

4.1.2 Global Superpowers and Their Influence

4.1.3 Powerful Organizations and Global Groups

4.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

4.2.1 An Overview of Contemporary Global Networks and Flows

4.2.2 Foreign Direct Investment and Outsourcing by TNCs

4.3.1 Political Factors That Affect Global Interactions

4.3.2 Our Shrinking World and Technological Innovation

4.3.3 The Influence of the Physical Environment

5.1.1 Human Development and Ways to Measure It

5.1.2 Empowering Marginalised Communities

5.1.3 Social Entrepreneurship Approaches

5.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

5.2.1 The Global Spectrum of Cultural Traits and Identities

5.2.2 Effects of Global Interactions on Cultural Diversity

5.2.3 How Diasporas Influence Cultural Diversity and Identity

5.3.1 Local and Civil Society Resistance to Global Interactions

5.3.2 Geopolitical Constraints on Global Interactions

5.3.3 Civil Society and International-Mindedness

5.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

6.1.1 Threats to Individuals and Businesses

6.1.2 Threats to Political and Economic Sovereignty

6.1.3 Globalization and Renewed Nationalism

6.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

6.2.1 Transboundary Pollution

6.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Global Flows

6.2.3 Environmental Issues and the Global Shift of Industry

6.3.1 Civil Society Organizations and Global Risks

6.3.2 Strategies to Build Resilience

6.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

A.1.1 The Drainage Basin as an Open System

A.1.2 River Discharge and Streamflow

A.1.3 River Processes of Erosion, Transport and Deposition

A.1.4 The Formation of Typical River Landforms

A.2.1 Hydrograph Characteristics and Natural Influences

A.2.2 Human Impacts on Flood Risk

A.2.3 Attempts at Flood Prediction

A.2.4 Flood Mitigation Strategies: Structural Measures and Planning

A.2.5 Case Studies of Flood Mitigation

A.3.1 Physical and Economic Water Scarcity

A.3.2 Agricultural Consequences for Water Quality

A.3.3 Human Pressures on Lakes and Aquifers

A.3.4 Shared Water Resources and Conflict

A.4.1 Strengthening Local Participation in Water Management

A.4.2 Dam Building for Multipurpose Water Schemes

A.4.3 Integrated Drainage Basin Management (IDBM)

A.4.4 Pressures on Major Wetlands and Efforts to Protect Them

B.1.1 Ocean Currents and the Oceanic Conveyor Belt

B.1.2 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña Cycles

B.1.3 Hurricanes and Their Impacts on Coastal Margins

B.1.4 Oceans as Carbon Stores and Sources

B.2.1 Physical Influences on Coastal Landscapes

B.2.2 Coastal Landforms of Erosion and Deposition

B.2.3 Advancing and Retreating Coastlines

B.2.4 Sand Dune Development

B.3.1 Stakeholders in Coastal Margin Management

B.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Flooding Management Strategies

B.3.3 Land-Use Conflicts on Coastlines

B.3.4 Management of Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps

B.3.5 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)

B.4.1 Exploitation of Abiotic Resources

B.4.2 Trends in Biotic Resource Use and Alternatives

B.4.3 Managing Ocean Pollution

B.4.4 Strategic Value of Oceans and Geopolitical Conflicts

C.1.1 Global Distribution of Extreme Environments

C.1.2 Relief and Climatic Characteristics

C.1.3 Challenges for Human Habitation and Resource Development

C.1.4 Changing Distribution of Extreme Environments

C.2.1 Glacial Processes and Landforms

C.2.2 Periglacial Processes and Landforms

C.2.3 Weathering and Erosion in Hot Arid Environments

C.2.4 Landforms in Hot Arid Environments

C.3.1 Stakeholders and Economic Value Extraction

C.3.2 Agricultural Opportunities and Challenges in Arid Areas

C.3.3 Mineral Extraction in Cold Environments

C.3.4 Mineral Extraction in Arid Environments

C.3.5 Tourism in Extreme Environments

C.4.1 Desertification: Causes, Consequences, and Management

C.4.2 Competition for Resources in Extreme Environments

C.4.3 New Technology and Sustainable Development

C.4.4 Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

D.1.1 Plate Tectonics and Mechanisms of Plate Movement

D.1.2 Volcanic Characteristics and Hazards

D.1.3 Earthquake Characteristics and Hazards

D.1.4 Mass Movements

D.2.1 Distribution of Geophysical Hazards

D.2.2 Hazard Magnitude and Frequency

D.2.3 Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities

D.2.4 Geographic Factors and Event Impacts

D.3.1 Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards

D.3.2 Understanding Vulnerability

D.4.1 Global Trends and Projections

D.4.2 Adaptation Strategies

D.4.3 Pre-Event Management Strategies

D.4.4 Post-Event Management Strategies

E.1.1 The Growth and Changing Purpose of Leisure Time

E.1.2 Categorization of Touristic and Sporting Activities

E.1.3 Economic Development and Leisure Participation

E.1.4 Factors Affecting Personal Participation

E.2.1 The Growth of Rural and Urban Tourism Hotspots

E.2.2 Sphere of Influence of Sporting and Touristic Facilities

E.2.3 The Geography of a National Sports League

E.2.4 Large-Scale Festivals as Temporary Sites of Leisure

E.3.1 Niche National Tourism Strategies

E.3.2 The Role of TNCs in Expanding International Tourism

E.3.3 Tourism as a National Development Strategy

E.3.4 Hosting International Sporting Events

E.4.1 The Consequences of Unsustainable Touristic Growth

E.4.2 Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism

E.4.3 Factors Influencing Future International Tourism

E.4.4 Political and Cultural Influences on International Sport

E.5.1 Spatial Interactions and Leisure Use of a Place (Synthesis)

E.5.2 Scales of Influence on Freedom to Participate (Synthesis/Evaluation)

E.5.3 Perspectives on Costs and Benefits of Leisure Use (Evaluation)

E.5.4 Representing Visitor and Impact Data (Skills)

F.1.1 Global Patterns in Food and Nutrition Indicators

F.1.2 The Nutrition Transition

F.1.3 Global Patterns in Health Indicators

F.1.4 The Epidemiological Transition and Diseases Continuum

F.2.1 A Systems Approach to Food Production

F.2.2 Variations in Food Consumption

F.2.3 Diffusion in Agriculture and Disease Spread

F.2.4 Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases

F.3.1 International Organizations, Governments and NGOs

F.3.2 The Influence of TNCs on Food Consumption

F.3.3 Gender Roles Related to Food and Health

F.3.4 Factors Affecting the Severity of Famine

F.4.1 Possible Solutions to Food Insecurity

F.4.2 Contemporary Approaches to Food Production

F.4.3 Prevention and Treatment in Managing Disease

F.4.4 Managing Pandemics

F.5.1 Spatial Interaction Between Health and Food (Synthesis)

F.5.2 Contrasts in the Scale of Causes and Solutions (Synthesis/Evaluation)

F.5.3 Stakeholder Perspectives on Health and Food Security (Evaluation)

F.5.4 Representing Health Patterns and Disease Diffusion (Skills)

G.1.1 Characteristics of Urban Places

G.1.2 The Pattern of Urban Economic Activities

G.1.3 The Pattern of Residential Areas

G.1.4 Poverty, Deprivation, and Informal Activity

G.2.1 Urbanization and Centripetal Population Movements

G.2.2 Centrifugal Population Movements

G.2.3 Urban System Growth and Infrastructure

G.2.4 Causes and Consequences of Urban Deindustrialization

G.3.1 Urban Microclimate Modification and Air Pollution

G.3.2 Traffic Congestion Patterns, Trends and Impacts

G.3.3 Contested Land Use Changes

G.3.4 Managing the Impacts of Urban Social Deprivation

G.4.1 Urban Growth Projections for 2050

G.4.2 Resilient City Design

G.4.3 Eco-City Design

G.4.4 Smart City Design

G.5.1 Spatial Interactions in Urban Systems (Synthesis)

G.5.2 Contrasting Urban Challenges and Responses (Synthesis/Evaluation)

G.5.3 Stakeholder Perspectives (Evaluation)

G.5.4 Representing Urban Data (Skills)