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1.1 Population and Economic Development Patterns

1.2 Changing Populations and Places

1.3 Population Challenges and Opportunities

2.1 Causes of Global Climate Change

2.2 Consequences of Global Climate Change

2.3 Responding to Global Climate Change

3.1 Global Trends in Consumption

3.2 Impacts of Changing Trends in Resource Consumption

3.3 Resource Stewardship

4.1 Global Interactions and Global Power

4.2 Global Networks and Flows

4.3 Human and Physical Influences on Global Interactions

5.1 Development Opportunities

5.2 Changing Identities and Cultures

5.3 Local Responses to Global Interactions

6.1 Geopolitical and Economic Risks

6.2 Environmental Risks

6.3 Local and Global Resilience

A.1 Drainage Basin Hydrology and Geomorphology

A.2 Flooding and Flood Mitigation

A.3 Water scarcity and water quality

A.4 Water Management Futures

A.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

B.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions

B.2 Interactions Between Oceans and Coastal Places

B.3 Managing Coastal Margins

B.4 Ocean Management Futures

B.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

C.1 The Characteristics of Extreme Environments

C.2 Physical Processes and Landscapes

C.3 Managing Extreme Environments

C.4 Extreme Environments Futures

C.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

D.1 Geophysical Systems

D.2 Geophysical Hazard Risks

D.3 Hazard Risk and Vulnerability

D.4 Future Resilience and Adaptation

D.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Skills Opportunities

E.1 Changing Leisure Patterns

E.2 Tourism and Sport at the Local and National Scale

E.3 Tourism and Sport at the International Scale

E.4 Managing Tourism and Sport for the Future

E.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

F.1 Measuring Food and Health

F.2 Food Systems and Spread of Diseases

F.3 Stakeholders in Food and Health

F.4 Future Health and Food Security and Sustainability

F.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

G.1 The Variety of Urban Environments

G.2 Changing Urban Systems

G.3 Urban Environmental and Social Stresses

G.4 Building Sustainable Urban Systems for the Future

G.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities

IB Geography 1.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities Key Definitions

Definition

Ageing population

An ageing population is one in which the share of people at older ages is rising. It is driven mainly by falling fertility, which narrows the base of the population pyramid, and reinforced by longer survival, which widens its top. The number of younger people need not fall, because a population can age while its child numbers are still growing, as across much of Africa.

Definition

Demographic dividend

The demographic dividend is the faster economic growth a country can obtain during the period when a sustained fall in fertility has shrunk the child dependency ratio faster than the old-age ratio is rising, so the working-age share of the population is unusually high. The favourable age structure is a window of opportunity, not a guarantee: the growth is realized only where jobs, education and health provision absorb the working-age cohort, and the window closes as that cohort ages.

Definition

Dependency ratio

The dependency ratio measures the proportion of dependents (people aged below 15 and above 65) to the working-age (economically active) population (15–64).

Older dependency ratio measures the proportion of old dependents (people aged above 65) to the working-age (economically active) population (15–64).

Definition

Ageing population

An ageing population is one in which the share of people at older ages is rising. It is driven mainly by falling fertility, which narrows the base of the population pyramid, and reinforced by longer survival, which widens its top. The number of younger people need not fall, because a population can age while its child numbers are still growing, as across much of Africa.

Definition

Demographic dividend

The demographic dividend is the faster economic growth a country can obtain during the period when a sustained fall in fertility has shrunk the child dependency ratio faster than the old-age ratio is rising, so the working-age share of the population is unusually high. The favourable age structure is a window of opportunity, not a guarantee: the growth is realized only where jobs, education and health provision absorb the working-age cohort, and the window closes as that cohort ages.

Definition

Dependency ratio

The dependency ratio measures the proportion of dependents (people aged below 15 and above 65) to the working-age (economically active) population (15–64).

Older dependency ratio measures the proportion of old dependents (people aged above 65) to the working-age (economically active) population (15–64).

IB Geography 1.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities Key Definitions